Thermal Monitoring of Natural Source Zone Depletion. Issue 3 (12th June 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Karimi Askarani, Kayvan; Stockwell, Emily B.; Piontek, Keith R.; Sale, Tom C.
• Is Part Of: Ground water monitoring & remediation. Volume 38:Issue 3(2018)
• Page Start: 43
• Page End: 52
• Publication Date: 2018-06-12
• Subjects: Groundwater -- Periodicals; Groundwater -- Purification -- Periodicals; Wellhead protection -- Periodicals; Hydrogeology -- Periodicals; 553.790286
• DOI: 10.1111/gwmr.12286
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1069-3629

Abstract

Abstract: Natural depletion of subsurface petroleum liquids releases energy in the form of heat. The rate of natural source zone depletion (NSZD) can be derived from subsurface temperature data. An energy balance is performed to resolve NSZD‐generated energy in terms of W/m 2 . Biodegradation rates are resolved by dividing the NSZD energy by the heat of reaction in joules/mol. Required temperature data are collected using data loggers, wireless connections, and automated data storage and analysis. Continuous thermal resolution of monthly NSZD rates at a field site indicates that apparent monthly NSZD rates vary through time, ranging from 10, 000 to 77, 000 L/ha/year. Temporal variations in observed apparent NSZD rates are attributed to processes governing the conversion of CH4 to CO2, as opposed to the actual rates of NSZD. Given a year or more of continuous NSZD rate data, it is anticipated that positive and negative biases in apparent NSZD rates will average out, and averaged apparent NSZD rates will converge to true NSZD rates. An 8.4% difference between average apparent NSZD rates over a 31‐month period using the thermal monitoring method and seven rounds of CO2 efflux measurements using CO2 traps supports the validity of both CO2 trap and thermal monitoring methods. A promising aspect of thermal monitoring methods is that continuous data provide a rigorous approach to resolving the true mean NSZD rates as compared to temporally sparse CO2 trap NSZD rate measurements. Overall, a vision is advanced of real‐time sensor‐based groundwater monitoring that can provide better data at lower costs and with greater safety, security, and sustainability.