Tinospora species: An overview of their modulating effects on the immune system. (31st July 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Haque, Md. Areeful; Jantan, Ibrahim; Abbas Bukhari, Syed Nasir
• Is Part Of: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 207(2017)
• Page Start: 67
• Page End: 85
• Publication Date: 2017-07-31
• Subjects: APCs Antigen Presenting Cells -- NK Natural Killer -- ACS American Chemical Society -- TCM Traditional Chinese Medicines -- IL Interleukin -- TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor -- SIC Synovial-Infiltrating Cells -- sRBCs Sheep Red Blood Cells -- SGOT Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase -- ALP Alkaline Phosphatase -- SGPT Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase -- RNI Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates -- GM-CSF Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor -- LPS Lipopolysaccharide -- MPO Myeloperoxidase -- NO Nitric oxide -- PMNs Polymorphonuclear leukocytes -- ROS Reactive Oxygen Species -- Ig Immunoglobulins -- IKK IκB Kinase -- IkBα Inhibitor of kappa B alpha -- TLR Toll-Like Receptor -- MD2 Myeloid Differentiation protein-2 -- PEC Peritoneal Exudate Cells -- HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus INF-γ, Interferon gamma -- HUVECs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells -- ICAM Intracellular Cell Adhesion Molecule -- VCAM Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule -- M-CSF Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor -- FITC Fluorescein Isothiocyanate -- ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay -- PGE2 Prostaglandin E2 -- PGD2 Prostaglandin D2 -- COX Cyclooxygenase -- 5-LO 5 Lipoxygenase -- PLA2 Phospholipase A2 -- PMA Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate -- NF-κB Nuclear Factor-kappaB -- HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography; Tinospora species -- Phytochemicals -- Immunomodulating effects -- Immune system -- Dietary supplements; Ethnopharmacology -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosie -- Périodiques; Herbes -- Périodiques; 615.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.013
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0378-8741

Abstract

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Studies on the effects of natural immunomodulators to heal various diseases related to the immune system have been a growing interest in recent years. Amongst the medicinal plants, Tinospora species (family; Menispermaceae) have been one of the widely investigated plants for their modulating effects on the immune system due to their wide use in ethnomedicine to treat various ailments related to immune-related diseases. However, their ethnopharmacological uses are mainly with limited or without scientific basis. Aim of this review: In this article, we have reviewed the literature on the phytochemicals of several Tinospora species, which have shown strong immunomodulatory effects and critically analyzed the reports to provide perspectives and instructions for future research for the plants as a potential source of new immunomodulators for use as medicinal agents or dietary supplements. Materials and methods: Electronic search on worldwide accepted scientific databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications Today) was performed to compile the relevant information. Some information was obtained from books, database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, MSc dissertations and herbal classics books written in various languages. Results: T. cordifolia, T. crispa, T. sinensis, T. smilacina, T. bakis, and T. sagittata have been reported to possess significant immunomodulatory effects. For a few decades, initiatives in molecular research on the effects of these species on the immune system have been carried out. However, most of the biological and pharmacological studies were carried out using the crude extracts of plants. The bioactive compounds contributing to the bioactivities have not been properly identified, and mechanistic studies to understand the immunomodulatory effects of the plants are limited by many considerations with regard to design, conduct, and interpretation. Conclusion: The plant extracts and their active constituents should be subjected to more detail mechanistic studies, in vivo investigations in various animal models including pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies, and elaborate toxicity study before submission to clinical trials. Graphical abstract: