Predicting Mortality in African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, Coronary Artery Calcium, and High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein. Issue 9 (19 September 0207)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hayek, Salim S.; Divers, Jasmin; Raad, Mohamad; Xu, Jianzhao; Bowden, Donald W.; Tracy, Melissa; Reiser, Jochen; Freedman, Barry I.
• Is Part Of: Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 7:Issue 9(2018)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 0207-09-19
• Subjects: biomarker -- calcium score -- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor -- urokinase; Heart -- Diseases -- Periodicals; Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Periodicals; Cerebrovascular disease -- Periodicals; Cardiology -- Periodicals; 616.1
• DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008194
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2047-9980

Abstract

Abstract : Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, outcomes in individual patients vary. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a bone marrow–derived signaling molecule associated with adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in many populations. We characterized the determinants of suPAR in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus and assessed whether levels were useful for predicting mortality beyond clinical characteristics, coronary artery calcium (CAC), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). Methods and Results: We measured plasma suPAR levels in 500 African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in the African American‐Diabetes Heart Study. We used Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for clinical characteristics, CAC, and hs‐CRP to examine the association between suPAR and all‐cause mortality. Last, we report the change in C‐statistics comparing the additive values of suPAR, hs‐CRP, and CAC to clinical models for prediction of mortality. The suPAR levels were independently associated with female sex, smoking, insulin use, decreased kidney function, albuminuria, and CAC. After a median 6.8‐year follow‐up, a total of 68 deaths (13.6%) were recorded. In a model incorporating suPAR, CAC, and hs‐CRP, only suPAR was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 2.66, 95% confidence interval 1.63‐4.34). Addition of suPAR to a baseline clinical model significantly improved the C‐statistic for all‐cause death (Δ0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.01‐0.10), whereas addition of CAC or hs‐CRP did not. Conclusions: In African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus, suPAR was strongly associated with mortality and improved risk discrimination metrics beyond traditional risk factors, CAC and hs‐CRP. Studies addressing the clinical usefulness of measuring suPAR concentrations are warranted.