Antiviral systems in vector mosquitoes. (June 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Liu, Tong; Xu, Ye; Wang, Xiaoming; Gu, Jinbao; Yan, Guiyun; Chen, Xiao-Guang
• Is Part Of: Developmental and comparative immunology. Volume 83(2018)
• Page Start: 34
• Page End: 43
• Publication Date: 2018-06
• Subjects: Mosquito -- Immunity -- Arbovirus -- Immune signalling -- Molecular mechanism; Immunology -- Periodicals; Developmental immunology -- Periodicals; 616.079
• DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.025
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0145-305X

Abstract

Abstract: Mosquito-borne viral diseases represent a major challenge to human public health. As natural vectors of arboviruses, mosquitoes can be infected by a virus, but they have evolved multiple mechanisms to tolerate constant infection and restrict viral replication via their antiviral immune system. In a state of continuous infection, a mosquito can transmit an arbovirus while obtaining a blood meal from a mammalian host. During infection, the virus is mainly inhibited through a small RNA-mediated interference mechanism. Within mosquitoes, the invaded viruses are recognized based on pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to the production of cytokines. These cytokines in turn bind pattern recognition receptors and activate Toll, IMD and other immune signalling pathways to expand the immune response and induce antiviral activity via immune effectors. Interestingly, the gut microbiota and Wolbachia also play a role in mosquito antiviral immunity, which is very similar to acquired immunity. This review describes the advances made in understanding various aspects of mosquito antiviral immune molecular mechanisms in detail and explores some of the unresolved issues related to the mosquito immune system. Highlights: Mosquito conserved signalling pathways, mainly implicated in antimicrobial responses, also contribute to antiviral immunity. Sequencing and researchs reveal many mechanisms of small RNA pathway, which have important roles in antiviral effect. Gut microbiota and Wolbachia are critical in influencing the replication and transmission of arbovirus.