Effect of improved fitness beyond weight loss on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Look AHEAD study. (May 2014)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Gibbs, Bethany Barone; Brancati, Frederick L; Chen, Haiying; Coday, Mace; Jakicic, John M; Lewis, Cora E; Stewart, Kerry J; Clark, Jeanne M
• Is Part Of: European journal of preventive cardiology. Volume 21:Number 5(2014)
• Page Start: 608
• Page End: 617
• Publication Date: 2014-05
• Subjects: Cardiovascular risk factor -- fitness -- lifestyle intervention -- obesity; Cardiovascular system -- Diseases -- Prevention -- Periodicals; Cardiac patients -- Rehabilitation -- Periodicals; 616.12
• DOI: 10.1177/2047487312462823
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2047-4873

Abstract

Background: Because lifestyle-induced improvements in cardiovascular risk factors vary substantially across individuals with type 2 diabetes, we investigated the extent to which increases in fitness explain cardiovascular risk factor improvements independent of weight loss in a lifestyle intervention. Methods: We studied 1-year changes in Look AHEAD, a randomized trial comparing an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) to a diabetes support and education (DSE) control group in adults with type 2 diabetes. Assessments included weight, fitness, blood pressure (BP), glucose, HbA1c, and lipids. We evaluated the effects of changes in weight and fitness on changes in cardiovascular risk factors by study arm, using R 2 from multiple linear regression. Results: Analyses included participants with fitness data at baseline and 1-year ( n = 4408; 41% male, 36% non-white; mean age 58.7 ± 6.8 years). Weight change alone improved R 2 for explaining changes in risk factors up to 8.2% in ILI and 1.7% in DSE. Fitness change alone improved R 2 up to 3.9% in ILI and 0.8% in DSE. After adjusting for weight change, fitness was independently associated ( p < 0.05) with improvements in R 2 for glucose (+0.7%), HbA1c (+1.1%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+0.4%), and triglycerides (+0.2%) in ILI and diastolic BP (+0.3%), glucose (+0.3%), HbA1c (+0.4%), and triglycerides (+0.1%) in DSE. Taken together, weight and fitness changes explained from 0.1–9.3% of the variability in cardiovascular risk factor changes. Conclusion: Increased fitness explained statistically significant but small improvements in several cardiovascular risk factors beyond weight loss. Further research identifying other factors that explain cardiovascular risk factor change is needed.