Ingested nitrate and nitrite, disinfection by‐products, and pancreatic cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Issue 2 (25th October 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Quist, Arbor J.L.; Inoue‐Choi, Maki; Weyer, Peter J.; Anderson, Kristin E.; Cantor, Kenneth P.; Krasner, Stuart; Freeman, Laura E. Beane; Ward, Mary H.; Jones, Rena R.
• Is Part Of: International journal of cancer. Volume 142:Issue 2(2018)
• Page Start: 251
• Page End: 261
• Publication Date: 2017-10-25
• Subjects: nitrate -- drinking water contaminants -- disinfection by‐products -- pancreatic cancer -- dietary nitrate/nitrite; Cancer -- Periodicals; Cancer -- Prevention -- Periodicals; 616.994
• DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31055
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0020-7136

Abstract

Abstract : Nitrate and nitrite are precursors of N ‐nitroso compounds (NOC), probable human carcinogens that cause pancreatic tumors in animals. Disinfection by‐products (DBP) exposures have also been linked with digestive system cancers, but few studies have evaluated relationships with pancreatic cancer. We investigated the association of pancreatic cancer with these drinking water contaminants and dietary nitrate/nitrite in a cohort of postmenopausal women in Iowa (1986–2011). We used historical monitoring and treatment data to estimate levels of long‐term average nitrate and total trihalomethanes (TTHM; the sum of the most prevalent DBP class) and the duration exceeding one‐half the maximum contaminant level (>½ MCL; 5 mg/L nitrate‐nitrogen, 40 µg/L TTHM) among participants on public water supplies (PWS) >10 years. We estimated dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes using a food frequency questionnaire. We computed hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression and evaluated nitrate interactions with smoking and vitamin C intake. We identified 313 cases among 34, 242 women, including 152 with >10 years PWS use ( N = 15, 710). Multivariable models of average nitrate showed no association with pancreatic cancer (HRp95 vs . Q1 = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.51–2.64). Associations with average TTHM levels were also null (HRQ4 vs . Q1 = 0.70, 95% CI:0.42–1.18). We observed no trend with increasing years of exposure to either contaminant at levels >½ MCL. Positive associations were suggested in the highest dietary nitrite intake from processed meat (HRp95 vs . Q1 = 1.66, 95% CI 1.00–2.75; p trend = 0.05). We found no interactions of nitrate with known modifiers of endogenous NOC formation. Our results suggest that nitrite intake from processed meat may be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Abstract : What's new? The endogenous formation of N ‐nitroso compounds following the ingestion of nitrate and nitrite potentially influences the development of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer risks associated with concomitant exposure to nitrate and disinfection by‐products (DBP) in drinking water, and with nitrate/nitrite intakes from diet, were evaluated among postmenopausal women in the U.S. state of Iowa. The findings indicate that pancreatic cancer risk is not associated with nitrate or DBP exposure in public water supplies but is positively associated with dietary nitrite intake from processed meats.