A Typology for Charting Socioeconomic Mortality Gradients: "Go Southwest". Issue 4 (July 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Blakely, Tony; Disney, George; Atkinson, June; Teng, Andrea; Mackenbach, Johan P.
• Is Part Of: Epidemiology. Volume 28:Issue 4(2017)
• Publication Date: 2017-07
• Subjects: Epidemiology -- Periodicals; Epidemiology -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Epidemiology -- Periodicals; 614.405
• DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000671
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1044-3983

Abstract

Abstract : Background: Holistic depiction of time-trends in average mortality rates, and absolute and relative inequalities, is challenging. Methods: We outline a typology for situations with falling average mortality rates ( m↓ ; e.g., cardiovascular disease), rates stable over time ( m -; e.g., some cancers), and increasing average mortality rates ( m↑ ; e.g., suicide in some contexts). If we consider inequality trends on both the absolute ( a ) and relative ( r ) scales, there are 13 possible combination of m, a, and r trends over time. They can be mapped to graphs with relative inequality (log relative index of inequality [RII]; r ) on the y axis, log average mortality rate on the x axis ( m ), and absolute inequality (slope index of inequality; SII; a ) as contour lines. We illustrate this by plotting adult mortality trends: (1) by household income from 1981 to 2011 for New Zealand, and (2) by education for European countries. Results: Types range from the "best" m↓a↓r↓ (average, absolute, and relative inequalities all decreasing; southwest movement in graphs) to the "worst" m↑a↑r↑ (northeast). Mortality typologies in New Zealand (all-cause, cardiovascular disease, nonlung cancer, and unintentional injury) were all m↓r↑ (northwest), but variable with respect to absolute inequality. Most European typologies were m↓r↑ types (northwest; e.g., Finland), but with notable exceptions of m-a↑r↑ (north; e.g., Hungary) and "best" or southwest m↓a↓r↓ for Spain (Barcelona) females. Conclusions: Our typology and corresponding graphs provide a convenient way to summarize and understand past trends in inequalities in mortality, and hold potential for projecting future trends and target setting. Abstract : Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.