Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing. (5th December 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bodaghi, M.; Damanpack, A.R.; Liao, W.H.
• Is Part Of: Materials & design. Volume 135(2017)
• Page Start: 26
• Page End: 36
• Publication Date: 2017-12-05
• Subjects: Material programming -- 4D printing -- SMPs -- Self-folding/coiling -- Experimental demonstration -- FE analysis; Materials -- Periodicals; Engineering design -- Periodicals; Matériaux -- Périodiques; Conception technique -- Périodiques; Electronic journals; 620.11
• DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.069
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0264-1275

Abstract

Highlights: Fabricating adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing technology Building performance-driven functionality directly into SMPs by FDM Designing adaptive metamaterials by self-folding/coiling capabilities Characterizing self-folding in terms of printing-speed and liquefier-temperature Developing FEM simulations with material and geometric non-linearities Graphical abstract: Abstract: This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM) as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can engineer adaptive metamaterials with performance-driven functionality built directly into materials. The tactic is based on an understanding of thermo-mechanics of shape memory polymers (SMP) and fabrication concept behind FDM as well as experiments to explore how FDM can program self-foldable metamaterials. Self-folding mechanism is investigated in terms of fabrication parameters like printing-speed and liquefier-temperature that affect layer-by-layer programming process and shape-change. It can be called a functionally graded 4D printing so that the structure is fabricated additively and programmed functionally. A finite element (FE) formulation based on the non-linear Green-Lagrange kinematic relations coupled with a robust SMP constitutive model is established to describe material tailoring in fabrication stage and deformation. Governing equations with material-geometric non-linearities are solved by implementing iterative Newton-Raphson method to trace large-deformation non-linear equilibrium path. FDM and FE solution are then applied to digitally design and fabricate straight/curved beams as structural primitives for adaptive metamaterials that show 1D/2D-to-2D/3D shape-shifting by self-folding or/and self-coiling. Finally, it is experimentally shown that the 4D printed metamaterials have great potential in mechanical/biomedical applications like structural/dynamical switches, self-conforming substrates, self-tightening surgical sutures, self-conforming splints and self-coiling/deploying stents.