A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures. (15th February 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Jaguemont, J.; Boulon, L.; Dubé, Y.
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 164(2016)
• Page Start: 99
• Page End: 114
• Publication Date: 2016-02-15
• Subjects: Lithium-ion -- Cold temperatures -- Hybrid and electric vehicles -- Aging mechanisms -- Thermal strategies; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.034
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Highlights: We present a comprehensive review on lithium ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles under cold temperatures. The weak performances of lithium-ion batteries in cold weather are explained. The influence of low temperatures on the aging mechanisms of lithium ion batteries is discussed. The different uses of thermal strategies in an automotive application are proposed. Abstract: Because of their numerous advantages, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have recently become a focus of research interest for vehicle applications. Li-ion batteries are suitable for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) because of advantages such as their high specific energy, high energy density, and low self-discharge rate in comparison with other secondary batteries. Nevertheless, the commercial availability of Li-ion batteries for vehicle applications has been hindered by issues of safety, cost, charging time, and recycling. One principal limitation of this technology resides in its poor low-temperature performance. Indeed, the effects of low temperature reduce the battery's available energy and increase its internal impedance. In addition, performance-hampering cell degradation also occurs at low temperatures and throughout the entire life of a Li-ion battery. All of these issues pose major difficulties for cold-climate countries. This paper reviews the effects of cold temperatures on the capacity/power fade of Li-ion battery technology. Extensive attention is paid to the aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries at cold temperatures. This paper also reviews several battery models found in the literature. Finally, thermal strategies are detailed, along with a discussion of the ideal approach to cold-temperature operation.