Experimental determination of drift and PM10 cooling tower emissions: Influence of components and operating conditions. (November 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ruiz, J.; Kaiser, A.S.; Lucas, M.
• Is Part Of: Environmental pollution. Volume 230(2017)
• Page Start: 422
• Page End: 431
• Publication Date: 2017-11
• Subjects: Cooling tower -- Emissions -- Legionella -- Drift -- PM10 -- Sensitive paper; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Environmental Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; Pollution -- Effets physiologiques -- Périodiques; Pollution; Pollution -- Environmental aspects; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 363.73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.073
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0269-7491

Abstract

Abstract: Cooling tower emissions have become an increasingly common hazard to the environment (air polluting, ice formation and salts deposition) and to the health (Legionella disease) in the last decades. Several environmental policies have emerged in recent years limiting cooling tower emissions but they have not prevented an increasing intensity of outbreaks. Since the level of emissions depends mainly on cooling tower component design and the operating conditions, this paper deals with an experimental investigation of the amount of emissions, drift and PM10, emitted by a cooling tower with different configurations (drift eliminators and distribution systems) and working under several operating conditions. This objective is met by the measurement of cooling tower source emission parameters by means of the sensitive paper technique. Secondary objectives were to contextualize the observed emission rates according to international regulations. Our measurements showed that the drift rates included in the relevant international standards are significantly higher than the obtained results (an average of 100 times higher) and hence, the environmental problems may occur. Therefore, a revision of the standards is recommended with the aim of reducing the environmental and human health impact. By changing the operating conditions and the distribution system, emissions can be reduced by 52.03% and 82% on average. In the case of drift eliminators, the difference ranges from 18.18% to 98.43% on average. As the emissions level is clearly influenced by operating conditions and components, regulation tests should be referred to default conditions. Finally, guidelines to perform emission tests and a selection criterion of components and conditions for the tested cooling tower are proposed. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Drift rates included in relevant international standards overestimate test results. Drift regulation tests should be referred to default factory conditions. Emissions can be reduced up to 99% by changing the operating conditions/components. The Sensitive Paper method is suitable for measuring PM10 emissions. A components/operation conditions selection criterion is proposed.