Is Nickel Chloride really a Non‐Genotoxic Carcinogen?. (22nd December 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Stannard, Leanne; Doak, Shareen H.; Doherty, Ann; Jenkins, Gareth J.
• Is Part Of: Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. Volume 121(2017)Supplement 3
• Page Start: 10
• Page End: 15
• Publication Date: 2016-12-22
• Subjects: Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Pharmacology, Clinical -- Periodicals; Computer network resources; Electronic journals; 615.1
• DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12689
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1742-7835

Abstract

Abstract: Human beings are exposed to carcinogens through air, water, food and tobacco smoke. Nickel chloride (NiCl2 ) is a toxic and carcinogenic environmental and occupational pollutant, which was previously classified as a non‐genotoxic carcinogen and thought to not directly alter the DNA. Non‐genotoxic carcinogens such as NiCl2 are difficult to detect in vitro ; hence, a heavy reliance on animal studies exists. NiCl2 has previously been classified as a non‐genotoxic carcinogen (NGTC); however, after studying the effect of NiCl2 on many mechanistic end‐points, it has become clear that NiCl2 behaves more like a genotoxic carcinogen. The induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after treatment with NiCl2 along with positive micronuclei results from a preliminary 5‐day chronic dose micronucleus study further supports that NiCl2 has been misclassified as a NGTC. It is possible that NiCl2 causes indirect DNA damage by the production of ROS and requires a longer, chronic exposure, which is more similar to that of human exposure. The focus of this MiniReview is on research into the molecular mechanisms of nickel‐induced carcinogenicity and potential genotoxicity, with a focus on one of the salts of greatest commercial importance, nickel chloride.