Exploring the explosive‐effusive transition using permanent ultraviolet cameras. Issue 6 (17th June 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Delle Donne, D.; Tamburello, G.; Aiuppa, A.; Bitetto, M.; Lacanna, G.; D'Aleo, R.; Ripepe, M.
• Is Part Of: Journal of geophysical research. Volume 122:Issue 6(2017)
• Page Start: 4377
• Page End: 4394
• Publication Date: 2017-06-17
• Subjects: volcanic gases -- volcano monitoring -- effusive volcanism -- explosive volcanism -- instruments and techniques; Geomagnetism -- Periodicals; Geochemistry -- Periodicals; Geophysics -- Periodicals; Earth sciences -- Periodicals; 551.1
• DOI: 10.1002/2017JB014027
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2169-9313

Abstract

Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms that cause effusive eruptions is the key to mitigating their associated hazard. Here we combine results from permanent ultraviolet (UV) cameras, and from other geophysical observations (seismic very long period, thermal, and infrasonic activity), to characterize volcanic SO2 flux regime in the period prior, during, and after Stromboli's August–November 2014 effusive eruption. We show that, in the 2 months prior to effusion onset, the SO2 flux levels are 2 times average level. We explain this anomalously high SO2 regime as primarily determined by venting of rapidly rising, pressurized SO2 ‐rich gas pockets produced by strombolian explosions being more frequent and intense than usual. We develop a procedure to track (and count), in the UV camera record, the SO2 flux pulses produced by individual explosions and puffing activity (active degassing). We find that these SO2 pulses are far more numerous (67 ± 47 events per hour) before the effusion onset than during normal activity (20 ± 15 events per hour). This observation, combined with geophysical evidence, demonstrates an elevated gas bubble supply to the shallow conduits, causing elevated explosive and puffing activity. This increase (≥0.1 m 3 s −1 ) in magma transport rate in the north‐east feeding conduits finally triggers effusion onset. Active degassing remains elevated also during the effusive phase, supporting the persistence of explosive and puffing activity during the effusive eruption, deep in the volcanic conduit. Our results demonstrate that permanent UV cameras can valuably contribute to monitoring at high‐sampling frequency gas dynamics and fluxes, thus opening the way to direct comparison with more established geophysical observations. Key Points: We report on a 2 year long SO2 flux record obtained using UV cameras, allowing us to characterize explosive‐to‐effusive transition High SO2 fluxes are related to high gas exit velocities from the vents, due to strombolian explosions and puffing Active degassing remains elevated also during the lava effusion, suggesting persistence of explosive activity deep in the volcanic conduit