Investigating biogeographic boundaries of the Sunda shelf: A phylogenetic analysis of two island populations of Macaca fascicularis. Issue 4 (13th May 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Klegarth, A.R.; Sanders, S.A.; Gloss, A.D.; Lane‐deGraaf, K.E.; Jones‐Engel, L.; Fuentes, A.; Hollocher, H.
• Is Part Of: American journal of physical anthropology. Volume 163:Issue 4(2017)
• Page Start: 658
• Page End: 670
• Publication Date: 2017-05-13
• Subjects: Isthmus of Kra -- macaque -- mtDNA -- phylogeography -- Y DNA; Physical anthropology -- Periodicals; Anthropology -- Periodicals; Anthropologie physique -- Périodiques; 599.9
• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23235
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0002-9483

Abstract

Abstract: Objectives: Cyclical submergence and re‐emergence of the Sunda Shelf throughout the Pleistocene served as a dynamic biogeographic landscape, across which long‐tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) have migrated and evolved. Here, we tested the integrity of the previously reported continental‐insular haplotype divide reported among Y and mitochondrial DNA lineages across multiple studies. Materials and Methods: The continental‐insular haplotype divide was tested by heavily sampling wild macaques from two important biogeographic regions within Sundaland: (1) Singapore, the southernmost tip of continental Asia and (2) Bali, Indonesia, the southeastern edge of the Indonesian archipelago, immediately west of Wallace's line. Y DNA was haplotyped for samples from Bali, deep within the Indonesian archipelago. Mitochondrial D‐loop from both islands was analyzed against existing data using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Results: We uncovered both "continental" and "insular" Y DNA haplotypes in Bali. Between Singapore and Bali we found 52 unique mitochondrial haplotypes, none of which had been previously described. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed a major haplogroup division within Singapore and identified five new Singapore subclades and two primary subclades in Bali. Discussion: While we confirmed the continental‐insular divide among mtDNA haplotypes, maintenance of both Y DNA haplotypes on Bali, deep within the Indonesian archipelago calls into question the mechanism by which Y DNA diversity has been maintained. It also suggests the continental‐insular designation is less appropriate for Y DNA, leading us to propose geographically neutral Y haplotype designations.