What causes failure to apply the Pigeonhole Principle in simple reasoning problems?. (3rd April 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mercier, Hugo; Politzer, Guy; Sperber, Dan
• Is Part Of: Thinking & reasoning. Volume 23:Number 2(2017)
• Page Start: 184
• Page End: 189
• Publication Date: 2017-04-03
• Subjects: Pigeonhole Principle -- framing -- cardinality -- fallacious inference; Thought and thinking -- Periodicals; Reasoning (Psychology) -- Periodicals; 153.43
• DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2016.1273852
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1354-6783

Abstract

ABSTRACT: The Pigeonhole Principle states that if n items are sorted into m categories and if n > m, then at least one category must contain more than one item. For instance, if 22 pigeons are put into 17 pigeonholes, at least one pigeonhole must contain more than one pigeon. This principle seems intuitive, yet when told about a city with 220, 000 inhabitants none of whom has more than 170, 000 hairs on their head, many people think that it is merely likely that two inhabitants have the exact same number of hair. This failure to apply the Pigeonhole Principle might be due to the large numbers used, or to the cardinal rather than nominal presentation of these numbers. We show that performance improved both when the numbers are presented nominally, and when they are small, albeit less so. We discuss potential interpretations of these results in terms of intuition and reasoning.