Disparities in pedestrian streetscape environments by income and race/ethnicity. (December 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Thornton, Christina M.; Conway, Terry L.; Cain, Kelli L.; Gavand, Kavita A.; Saelens, Brian E.; Frank, Lawrence D.; Geremia, Carrie M.; Glanz, Karen; King, Abby C.; Sallis, James F.
• Is Part Of: SSM - population health. Volume 2(2016)
• Page Start: 206
• Page End: 216
• Publication Date: 2016-12
• Subjects: Health disparity -- Physical activity -- Exercise -- Walkability -- Built environment -- Esthetics -- Sidewalk -- Public health; Social medicine -- Periodicals; Medical anthropology -- Periodicals; Public health -- Periodicals; Psychology -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; 362.105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.03.004
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-8273

Abstract

Abstract: Growing evidence suggests that microscale pedestrian environment features, such as sidewalk quality, crosswalks, and neighborhood esthetics, may affect residents' physical activity. This study examined whether disparities in microscale pedestrian features existed between neighborhoods of differing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Using the validated Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS), pedestrian environment features were assessed by trained observers along 1/4-mile routes ( N =2117) in neighborhoods in three US metropolitan regions (San Diego, Seattle, and Baltimore) during 2009–2010. Neighborhoods, defined as Census block groups, were selected to maximize variability in median income and macroscale walkability factors (e.g., density). Mixed-model linear regression analyses explored main and interaction effects of income and race/ethnicity separately by region. Across all three regions, low-income neighborhoods and neighborhoods with a high proportion of racial/ethnic minorities had poorer esthetics and social elements (e.g., graffiti, broken windows, litter) than neighborhoods with higher median income or fewer racial/ethnic minorities ( p <.05). However, there were also instances where neighborhoods with higher incomes and fewer racial/ethnic minorities had worse or absent pedestrian amenities such as sidewalks, crosswalks, and intersections ( p <.05). Overall, disparities in microscale pedestrian features occurred more frequently in residential as compared to mixed-use routes with one or more commercial destination. However, considerable variation existed between regions as to which microscale pedestrian features were unfavorable and whether the unfavorable features were associated with neighborhood income or racial/ethnic composition. The variation in pedestrian streetscapes across cities suggests that findings from single-city studies are not generalizable. Local streetscape audits are recommended to identify disparities and efficiently allocate pedestrian infrastructure resources to ensure access and physical activity opportunities for all residents, regardless of race, ethnicity, or income level. Highlights: Income and race-based differences in streetscapes may aggravate health disparities. Low-income/high-minority neighborhoods had more negative esthetics/social elements. High-income White neighborhoods had poorer sidewalks, crosswalks, and intersections. Disparities occurred most often in residential, not mixed-use neighborhoods. Local streetscape audits are needed to identify and remediate disparities.