A Life Cycle Assessment of lithium battery and hydrogen-FC powered electric bicycles: Searching for cleaner solutions to urban mobility. (19th January 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mellino, Salvatore; Petrillo, Antonella; Cigolotti, Viviana; Autorino, Claudio; Jannelli, Elio; Ulgiati, Sergio
• Is Part Of: International journal of hydrogen energy. Volume 42:Number 3(2017)
• Page Start: 1830
• Page End: 1840
• Publication Date: 2017-01-19
• Subjects: Life Cycle Assessment -- Hydrogen-fuel cell bike -- Proton exchange membrane fuel cell -- Cleaner mobility; Hydrogen as fuel -- Periodicals; Hydrogène (Combustible) -- Périodiques; Hydrogen as fuel; Periodicals; 665.81
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.10.146
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0360-3199

Abstract

Abstract: Smart mobility is day by day becoming one of the crucial issues to address in order to reduce environmental impacts such as global warming, acidification, photochemical smog, among others. The growing concerns about urban air quality are the driving force for cleaner and more efficient transport systems. Several new transport technologies are being developed, in particular concerning electric vehicles, considered a suitable solution to urban air pollution problems. However, these vehicles require electric and electronic devices that might give rise to a new set of environmental problems in their production, operation and disposal phases. Are electric vehicles a really cleaner solution? This paper aims at answering this question, by comparing two kinds of vehicle, a lithium battery powered electric bike and a hydrogen-fuel cell operated one, using internal combustion engine vehicles as benchmark. The fuel cell bike uses a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) to convert hydrogen into electricity. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment is applied to evaluate the environmental burdens of the production of these two vehicles and compare their environmental performances per 100 km travelled. The study, not only includes vehicle road operation but also embraces production and distribution of bikes, electric battery, PEMFC and energy carriers (electricity and hydrogen) over the vehicle's entire lifetime. The LCA evaluation of the vehicle production phases shows that the construction of the H-bike results more impacting than the E-bike in all the considered categories due to the presence of more complex components technology. Instead, when the boundary is shifted to the operational phases of the vehicles including the energy carriers production, the situation is reversed and the environmental performance of the H-bike results better than the one of E-bike. Highlights: A fossil powered lithium-battery electric bike and a hydrogen fuel-cell one are compared via LCA. The main process phases contributing to the investigated environmental impact categories are identified for improvement. A Well-to-Wheel approach is used to include the production of energy carriers supporting the operational phase of the vehicles. Electric bikes are also compared with a fossil powered motor scooter to serve as a benchmark.