The rise of politics and the decline of vulnerability as criteria in disaster decisions of the United States, 1953–2009. Issue 4 (6th September 2013)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Daniels, R. Steven
• Is Part Of: Disasters. Volume 37:Issue 4(2013:Oct.)
• Page Start: 669
• Page End: 694
• Publication Date: 2013-09-06
• Subjects: disaster management -- economic vulnerability -- gubernatorial decision‐making -- political responsiveness -- presidential decision‐making -- social vulnerability; Disasters -- Periodicals; Disaster relief -- Periodicals; Emergency management -- Periodicals; 363.34
• DOI: 10.1111/disa.12026
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0361-3666

Abstract

Abstract : This paper examines the shift from vulnerability to political responsiveness in presidential and gubernatorial disaster decisions in the United States from 1953–2009 (President Dwight D. Eisenhower to President Barack Obama) using annual request, declaration, and approval data from multiple sources. It makes three key conclusions: first, the 1988 Stafford Act expanded federal coverage to all categories of disasters, added a significant range of individual types of assistance, and provided extensive funding for recovery planning. Second, the election effects on disaster decisions increased over time whereas the impact of social and economic vulnerability (measured by scope of disaster) declined. Third, the changes affected governors more than presidents, and the choices of governors drove those of presidents. The analysis underscores the increasingly political nature of the disaster decision‐making process, as well as the difficulty in emphasising mitigation and preparedness as intensively as response and recovery. Proactive intervention yields fewer political rewards than responsiveness.