Estimation of Benchmark Dose of Lifetime Cadmium Intake for Adverse Renal Effects Using Hybrid Approach in Inhabitants of an Environmentally Exposed River Basin in Japan. Issue 1 (11th January 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kubo, Keiko; Nogawa, Kazuhiro; Kido, Teruhiko; Nishijo, Muneko; Nakagawa, Hideaki; Suwazono, Yasushi
• Is Part Of: Risk analysis. Volume 37:Issue 1(2017)
• Page Start: 20
• Page End: 26
• Publication Date: 2017-01-11
• Subjects: Benchmark dose -- continuous data -- environmental exposure -- lifetime cadmium intake; Technology -- Risk assessment -- Periodicals; 658.403
• DOI: 10.1111/risa.12750
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0272-4332

Abstract

Abstract : The aim of this study is to estimate the reference level of lifetime cadmium intake (LCd) as the benchmark doses (BMDs) and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDLs) for various renal effects by applying a hybrid approach. The participants comprised 3, 013 (1, 362 men and 1, 651 women) and 278 (129 men and 149 women) inhabitants of the Cd‐polluted and nonpolluted areas, respectively, in the environmentally exposed Kakehashi River basin. Glucose, protein, aminonitrogen, metallothionein, and β2 ‐microglobulin in urine were measured as indicators of renal dysfunction. The BMD and BMDL that corresponded to an additional risk of 5% were calculated with background risk at zero exposure set at 5%. The obtained BMDLs of LCd were 3.7 g (glucose), 3.2 g (protein), 3.7 g (aminonitrogen), 1.7 g (metallothionein), and 1.8 g (β2 ‐microglobulin) in men and 2.9 g (glucose), 2.5 g (protein), 2.0 g (aminonitrogen), 1.6 g (metallothionein), and 1.3 g (β2 ‐microglobulin) in women. The lowest BMDL was 1.7 g (metallothionein) and 1.3 g (β2 ‐microglobulin) in men and women, respectively. The lowest BMDL of LCd (1.3 g) was somewhat lower than the representative threshold LCd (2.0 g) calculated in the previous studies. The obtained BMDLs may contribute to further discussion on the health risk assessment of cadmium exposure.