Optimal scheduling of aggregated thermostatically controlled loads with renewable generation in the intraday electricity market. (15th February 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhou, Yue; Wang, Chengshan; Wu, Jianzhong; Wang, Jidong; Cheng, Meng; Li, Gen
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 188(2017)
• Page Start: 456
• Page End: 465
• Publication Date: 2017-02-15
• Subjects: Optimal scheduling -- Thermostatically controlled loads -- Renewable generation -- Aggregation -- Intraday electricity market -- Demand response; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.008
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Highlights: A novel two-level approach is proposed to schedule aggregated thermal loads. Revenues for prosumers in the intraday electricity market are maximized. An energy-balanced model is established for aggregated scheduling. The imbalanced energy and capacity are considered to be reduced at the same time. The effects of imbalance prices, heterogeneity and forecast errors are studied. Abstract: A novel two-level scheduling method was proposed in this paper, which helps an aggregator optimally schedule its flexible thermostatically controlled loads with renewable energy to arbitrage in the intraday electricity market. The proposed method maximizes the economic benefits of all the prosumers in the aggregation, and naturally helps balance intra-hour differences between supply and demand of the bulk power systems because the prices of the intraday electricity market reflects the need of the bulk power systems. In the proposed two-level scheduling, the upper level is a model predictive control optimization, of which the objective function is to minimize the sum of energy and capacity cost of imbalances and the constraints are thermal constraints based on a proposed energy-balanced model, while the lower level adopts the typical temperature priority list (TPL) control. Simulation results verified the validity of the proposed method and evaluated the effects of important influencing factors. In the base case, 41.64% imbalance cost was saved compared to the reference TPL-based control. Moreover, three further conclusions were drawn: (a) the proposed method mainly saves the imbalance cost by reducing imbalance peak, thus being suitable for places with high capacity price for imbalances; (b) parameter heterogeneity affects the performance of the proposed method, and average value method performs well only with low heterogeneity; (c) the performance of the proposed method worsens with the increase of forecast uncertainty, but keeps better than that of typical TPL-based control unless the forecast uncertainty gets very strong.