The isotopic fractionation of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen during illicit production of cocaine base in South America. (January 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mallette, Jennifer R.; Casale, John F.; Jones, Laura M.; Morello, David R.
• Is Part Of: Forensic science international. Volume 270(2017)
• Page Start: 255
• Page End: 260
• Publication Date: 2017-01
• Subjects: Cocaine -- Isotope ratio mass spectrometry -- Stable isotopes -- Fractionation -- Geosourcing; Medical jurisprudence -- Periodicals; Chemistry, Forensic -- Periodicals; Forensic Medicine -- Periodicals; Médecine légale -- Périodiques; Chimie légale -- Périodiques; Gerechtelijke geneeskunde; Gerechtelijke chemie; Gerechtelijke psychiatrie; Chemistry, Forensic; Medical jurisprudence; Electronic journals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 614.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.016
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0379-0738

Abstract

Highlights: Fractionation of four stable isotopes in cocaine was investigated. An observable fractionation event occurred during precipitation of cocaine base. All four stable isotopes exhibit a fractionation opposite of the classic Rayleigh. Nitrogen and hydrogen are most affected during the observed fractionation event. Abstract: Stable isotope measurements have become a key component in sourcing the origin of illicit cocaine seized within the United States. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the process by which isotopes may be fractionated during illicit cocaine processing. In a controlled observational study, there was apparent isotopic fractionation of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. To investigate the potential source of the fractionation, cocaine base was fractionally precipitated from a dilute sulfuric acid solution with dilute ammonium hydroxide. The values of δ 13 C, δ 15 N, δ 2 H, and δ 18 O for each fraction were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). There was an equilibrium fractionation observed in all measured stable isotopes. Early fractions were depleted, and later fractions were enriched, with 15 N and 2 H being the most affected. The described trend is opposite of the Rayleigh distillation observed for cocaine hydrochloride precipitation.