Role of individual disulfide bridges in the conformation and activity of spinoxin (α-KTx6.13), a potassium channel toxin from Heterometrus spinifer scorpion venom. (November 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Yamaguchi, Yoko; Peigneur, Steve; Liu, Junyi; Uemura, Shiho; Nose, Takeru; Nirthanan, Selvanayagam; Gopalakrishnakone, Ponnampalam; Tytgat, Jan; Sato, Kazuki
• Is Part Of: Toxicon. Volume 122(2016)
• Page Start: 31
• Page End: 38
• Publication Date: 2016-11
• Subjects: Scorpion toxin -- Voltage-gated potassium channel -- Synthetic analog -- Disulfide bond formation -- Cysteine-stabilized α/β scaffold; Acm acetamidomethyl -- CSαβ scaffold cysteine-stabilized α/β scaffold -- DCM dichloromethane -- DIEA N, N-diisopropylethylamine -- EDTA ethylenediamine-N, N, N′, N′-tetraacetic acid -- GSH reduced glutathione -- GSSG oxidized glutathione -- HBTU 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate -- HOBt 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole -- HsTX1 Heterometrus spinifer scorpion toxin 1 -- KTx K+ channel-specific scorpion toxins -- MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight -- MTX maurotoxin -- NMP 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone -- Pi1 potassium channel-blocking toxin 1 -- RP-HPLC reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography -- SPX spinoxin -- TFA trifluoroacetic acid -- Trt triphenylmethyl; Toxins -- Periodicals; Venom -- Periodicals; 615.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.013
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0041-0101

Abstract

Abstract: Spinoxin (SPX; α-KTx6.13), isolated from venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinifer, is a K + channel-specific peptide toxin (KTx), which adopts a cysteine-stabilized α/β scaffold that is cross-linked by four disulfide bridges (Cys1–Cys5, Cys2–Cys6, Cys3–Cys7, and Cys4–Cys8). To investigate the role of the individual disulfide bonds in the structure-activity relationship of SPX, we synthesized four SPX analogs in which each pair of cysteine residues was replaced by alanine residues. The analysis of circular dichroism spectra and inhibitory activity against Kv1.3 channels showed that the SPX analogs lacking any of three specific disulfide bonds (Cys1–Cys5, Cys2–Cys6, and Cys3–Cys7) were unable to form the native secondary structure and completely lost inhibitory activities. Thus, we conclude that Cys1–Cys5, Cys2–Cys6, and Cys3–Cys7 are required for the inhibition of the Kv1.3 channel by SPX. In contrast, the analog lacking Cys4–Cys8 retained both native secondary structure and inhibitory activity. Interestingly, one of the isomers of the analog lacking Cys1–Cys5 also showed inhibitory activities, although its inhibition was ∼18-fold weaker than native SPX. This isomer had an atypical disulfide bond pairing (Cys3–Cys4 and Cys7–Cys8) that corresponds to that of maurotoxin (MTX), another α-KTx6 family member. These results indicate that the Cys1–Cys5 and Cys2–Cys6 bonds are important for restricting the toxin from forming an atypical (MTX-type) disulfide bond pairing among the remaining four cysteine residues (Cys3, Cys4, Cys7, and Cys8) in native SPX. Highlights: Four SPX analogs in which each pair of cysteine residues was replaced by alanine residues were synthesized. The fourth disulfide bond was dispensable with respect to structural and functional integrity. One of the disulfide isomers of the SPX analog which has an atypical disulfide bond pairing showed inhibitory activity.