Investigation of road salts and biotic stressors on freshwater wetland communities. (February 2017) - Jones, Devin K.
Abstract: The application of road deicing salts has led to the salinization of freshwater ecosystems in northern regions worldwide. Increased chloride concentrations in lakes, streams, ponds, and wetlands may negatively affect freshwater biota, potentially threatening ecosystem services. In an effort to reduce the effects of road salt, operators have increased the use of salt alternatives, yet we lack an understanding of how these deicers affect aquatic communities. We examined the direct and indirect effects of the most commonly used road salt (NaCl) and a proprietary salt mixture (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 ), at three environmentally relevant concentrations (150, 470, and 780 mg Cl − /L) on freshwater wetland communities in combination with one of three biotic stressors (control, predator cues, and competitors). The communities contained periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two tadpole species (American toads, Anaxyrus americanus ; wood frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus ). Overall, we found the two road salts did not interact with the natural stressors. Both salts decreased pH and reduced zooplankton abundance. The strong decrease in zooplankton abundance in the highest NaCl concentration caused a trophic cascade that resulted in increased phytoplankton abundance. The highest NaCl concentration also reduced toad activity. For the biotic stressors, predatory stress decreased whereas competitive stress increased the activity of both tadpole species. Wood frog survival, time to metamorphosis, and mass at metamorphosis all decreased under competitive stress whereas toad time to metamorphosis increased and mass at metamorphosis decreased. Road salts and biotic stressors can both affect freshwater communities, but their effects are not interactive. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Effects of road salts and biotic stressors were examined using aquatic communities. Increased concentrations of both salt types reduced zooplankton abundance and pH. High NaCl concentrations reduced American toad tadpole activity. High NaCl concentrations caused a trophic cascade, resulting in more phytoplankton. No interactive effects of road salts and biotic stressors were observed. Abstract : The direct and indirect effects of road salts reported are important for management and conservation efforts given the salinization of freshwater systems following winter road maintenance.