A global assessment of phthalates burden and related links to health effects. (December 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Katsikantami, Ioanna; Sifakis, Stavros; Tzatzarakis, Manolis N.; Vakonaki, Elena; Kalantzi, Olga-Ioanna; Tsatsakis, Aristidis M.; Rizos, Apostolos K.
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 97(2016:Dec.)
• Page Start: 212
• Page End: 236
• Publication Date: 2016-12
• Subjects: 2OH-MiBP mono 2-hydroxy-isobutyl phthalate -- AC abdominal circumference -- AGD anogenital distance -- ASD autism spectrum disorder -- ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry -- BBzP benzyl butyl phthalate -- BMI body mass index -- BPD biparietal diameter -- BW body weight -- DBEP di 2-n-butoxyethyl phthalate -- DBP di butyl phthalate -- DCHP di cyclohexyl phthalate -- DEHP di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate -- DEEP di 2-ethoxyethyl phthalate -- DEP di ethyl phthalate -- DI daily intake -- DiBP di isobutyl phthalate -- DiDP di isodecyl phthalate -- DiNP di isononyl phthalate -- DiUP di isoundecyl phthalate -- DMEP di-2-methoxyethyl phthalate -- DMP di methyl phthalate -- DMPP di 4-methyl-2-pentyl phthalate -- DnHP di n-hexyl phthalate -- DnOP di n-octyl phthalate -- DnPeP di n-pentyl phthalate -- DPHP di 2-propylheptyl phthalate -- DPP dipentyl phthalate -- DTDP di isotridecyl phthalate -- EC JRC European Commission Joint Research Center -- ECPI European Council for Plasticizers and Intermediates -- EC SCENIHR European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks -- EDCs endocrine disrupting chemicals -- EU CSTEE European Union Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment -- FDA Food and Drug Administration -- FL femur length -- FT4 free T4 -- FUE urinary excretion factor -- HC head circumference -- HDS High DNA Stainability -- HMW high molecular weight -- IQ intelligence quotient -- LBW Low birth weight -- LH luteinizing hormone -- LIN linearity -- LMW low molecular weight -- LOD Limit of detection -- LOQ Limit of quantification -- MBzP mono benzyl phthalate -- MCHP mono cyclohexyl phthalate -- MCiHxP mono carboxy isohexyl phthalate -- MCiOP or cx-MiNP or 7cx-MMeHP mono carboxy-isooctyl phthalate -- MCiPeP mono carboxy isopentyl phthalate -- MCMHP or 2cx-MMHP mono 2-carboxymethylhexyl phthalate -- MCNP or cx-MiDP mono-carboxy-isononyl phthalate -- MCPP mono 3-carboxypropyl phthalate -- MECPP or 5cx-MEPP mono 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate -- MEHHP or 5OH-MEHP mono 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate -- MEHP mono ethylhexyl phthalate -- MEOHP or 5oxo-MEHP mono 2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl-phthalate -- MEP mono ethyl phthalate -- MHBP or 3OH-MnBP mono 3-hydroxybutyl phthalate -- MHiDP or OH-MiDP monohydroxy-isodecyl phthalate -- MHiNP or OH-MiNP or 7OH-MMeOP mono hydroxy-isononyl phthalate -- MiBP mono iso-butyl phthalate -- MiDP mono isodecyl phthalate -- MMP mono methyl phthalate -- MnBP mono n-butyl phthalate -- MnOP mono n-octyl phthalate -- MiNP mono isononyl phthalate -- MnPeP mono n-pentyl phthalate -- MOiDP or oxo-MiDP monooxoisodecyl phthalate -- MOiNP or oxo-MiNP or 7oxo-MMeOP mono oxoisononyl phthalate -- MRL minimum risk level -- NICU Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -- PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome -- PE phthalate ester -- PM phthalate metabolite -- PVC polyvinyl chloride -- RfD reference dose -- SD standard deviation -- SHBG sex hormone–binding globulin -- T4 thyroxine -- TDI tolerable daily intake -- TDS testicular dysgenesis syndrome -- US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency -- VCL curvilinear velocity -- VSL straight line velocity -- WC waist circumference -- WHO World Health Organization; Phthalates -- Biomonitoring -- Toxicity -- Long-term exposure -- Health effects; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.013
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which are used in industry as plasticizers and additives in cosmetics. They are classified as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) which impair the human endocrine system inducing fertility problems, respiratory diseases, childhood obesity and neuropsychological disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the toxicity that phthalates pose in humans based on human biomonitoring studies conducted over the last decade. Except for conventional biological matrices (such as urine and serum), amniotic fluid, human milk, semen, saliva, sweat, meconium and human hair are also employed for the estimation of exposure and distribution of pollutants in the human body, although data are not enough yet. Children are highly exposed to phthalates relative to adults and in most studies children's daily intake surpasses the maximum reference dose (RfD) set from US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). However, the global trend is that human exposure to phthalates is decreasing annually as a result of the strict regulations applied to phthalates. Highlights: Exposure to phthalates is associated with reproductive developmental and neurological toxicity in humans Most studies agree that prenatal exposure to phthalates is linked with adverse health outcomes in newborns and children Children's exposure to phthalates is higher than adults' and 45 to 535 % over the US EPA guideline value for DEHP The last fifteen years there is an annual declining trend of phthalate daily intake for both children and adults European population has similar exposure levels with Americans but about 40 % higher than Asians