Impact of exhaust gas fuel reforming and exhaust gas recirculation on particulate matter morphology in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine. (January 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bogarra, M.; Herreros, J.M.; Tsolakis, A.; York, A.P.E.; Millington, P.J.; Martos, F.J.
• Is Part Of: Journal of aerosol science. Volume 103(2017)
• Page Start: 1
• Page End: 14
• Publication Date: 2017-01
• Subjects: Particulate matter -- Fuel reforming -- Soot morphology -- Gasoline Direct Injection -- Transmission electron microscope; Aerosols -- Periodicals; Aerosols -- Periodicals; Aérosols -- Périodiques; 541.34515
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0021-8502

Abstract

Abstract: Modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer increased power output, improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. However, the increased particulate matter (PM) emission level still remains a challenging task. Understanding PM features such as morphological and microstructural parameters through transmission electron microscopy can provide information about their formation, filtration and soot oxidation processes in the gasoline particulate filters and their impact on human health. This research article characterises PM emitted from a 2 L 4-cylinder GDI engine at two injection timings: (i) ECU settings which produces PM with high volatile content and (ii) advanced injection timing to increase soot formation rate. Primary particle size distributions formed by volatile nature PM, present a higher standard deviation than for the sooty PM, while the former ones presented higher fractal dimension. In addition, five different methods of estimating PM fractal dimension reported in the GDI literature have also been compared and it was concluded that the arising trends were in agreement. The effect of high percentages of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and reformate gas combustion on PM characteristics have been analysed. EGR does not have a significant effect in PM morphology. On the other hand, reformate combustion reduces the size of the primary particle and the agglomerates as well as increasing the fractal dimension. Graphical abstract : Highlights: The morphology of different types of particulates emitted by a modern GDI has been characterised. The influence of reformate combustion on particulate matter (PM) morphology has been studied. Relevant methods to analyse the shape of the particulates (i.e. fractal dimension) have been assessed.