A formal approach to discovering simultaneous additive masking between auditory medical alarms. (January 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hasanain, Bassam; Boyd, Andrew D.; Edworthy, Judy; Bolton, Matthew L.
• Is Part Of: Applied ergonomics. Volume 58(2016)
• Page Start: 500
• Page End: 514
• Publication Date: 2017-01
• Subjects: Medical alarms -- Masking -- Psychoacoustics -- Formal methods -- Model checking; Human engineering -- Periodicals; 620.82
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.008
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0003-6870

Abstract

Abstract: The failure of humans to respond to auditory medical alarms has resulted in numerous patient injuries and deaths and is thus a major safety concern. A relatively understudied source of response failures has to do with simultaneous masking, a condition where concurrent sounds interact in ways that make one or more of them imperceptible due to physical limitations of human perception. This paper presents a method, which builds on a previous implementation, that uses a novel combination of psychophysical modeling and formal verification with model checking to detect masking in a modeled configuration of medical alarms. Specifically, the new method discussed here improves the original method by adding the ability to detect additive masking while concurrently improving method usability and scalability. This paper describes how these additions to our method were realized. It then demonstrates the scalability and detection improvements via three different case studies. Results and future research are discussed. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Simultaneous auditor masking can cause medical alarms to be imperceptible. Model checking and psychoacoustics can be used to find masking in alarm models. We extend this approach to enable the detection of additive masking. We demonstrate method detection and scalability with three case studies. We discuss implication for alarm design and the IEC 60601-1-8 standard.