Utilization of palm fatty acid distillate in methyl esters preparation using SO42−/TiO2–SiO2 as a solid acid catalyst. (10th March 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Embong, Nurul Hajar; Maniam, Gaanty Pragas; Ab. Rahim, Mohd Hasbi; Lee, Keat Teong; Huisingh, Donald
• Is Part Of: Journal of cleaner production. Volume 116(2016:Mar.)
• Page Start: 244
• Page End: 248
• Publication Date: 2016-03-10
• Subjects: Biodiesel -- Methyl ester -- Palm fatty acid distillate -- Sulphated solid acid -- Response surface methodology -- Fine chemical; PFAD Palm fatty acid distillate -- CPO Crude palm oil -- MT Metric tonne -- RBD Refined, bleached and deodorized -- FFA Free fatty acids -- FAME Fatty acid methyl esters -- RHA Rice husk ash -- RSM Response surface methodology -- CCD Central composite design -- ANOVA Analysis of variance; Factory and trade waste -- Management -- Periodicals; Manufactures -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Déchets industriels -- Gestion -- Périodiques; Usines -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; 628.5
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.108
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0959-6526

Abstract

Abstract: The use of by-products, particularly in the biodiesel industry, has gained much attention owing to their potential in countering higher feedstock costs. A low-value by-product of palm oil refining, the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), was utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel preparation with the aid of a solid acid catalyst, SO 4 2 − /TiO2 –SiO2 . A central composite design is applied to optimize the major influential manipulate variables. The analysis of variance identifies the methanol/PFAD molar ratio as having a dominant effect on methyl ester conversion, followed by catalyst amount and reaction time respectively. The utilization of PFAD with the aid of a solid acid catalyst results in 93.3 ± 1.02% conversion at the most optimized reaction conditions of 2.97 ± 0.04 wt% for the catalyst amount, 5.85 ± 0.14 methanol/PFAD molar ratio and 3.12 ± 0.14 h of reaction time. Highlights: Palm fatty acid distillate is successfully converted to methyl esters. SO 4 2 − /TiO2 –SiO2 is utilized as a solid acid catalyst. Conversion of 93.3% is achieved in 3.12 h of reaction time. The responses have been optimized statistically using Central Composite Design.