Cellular basis of anti‐predator adaptation in a lizard with autotomizable blue tail against specific predators with different colour vision. (19th June 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kuriyama, T.; Morimoto, G.; Miyaji, K.; Hasegawa, M.
• Is Part Of: Journal of zoology. Volume 300:Number 2(2016)
• Page Start: 89
• Page End: 98
• Publication Date: 2016-06-19
• Subjects: anti‐predator adaptation -- autotomy -- colour vision -- iridophore -- transmission electron microscopy -- TEM -- UV -- Plestiodon latiscutatus; Zoology -- Periodicals; Zoologie -- Périodiques; 590.5
• DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12361
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0952-8369

Abstract

Abstract: Juveniles of numerous lizard species have a vividly blue‐coloured tail that likely serves to deflect predator attacks toward the autotomizable tail rather than the lizard's body. The shades of blue colour in the tails of juvenile Plestiodon latiscutatus lizards vary across populations, most notably among those island populations with different predator assemblages. Here, we determine if this intraspecific variation is associated with the differences in colour vision capabilities of lizard predator species. If associated, it would be evidence for local adaptation of tail colour phenotype – natural selection is maximizing the conspicuousness of the tail to the dominant predator species to increase the chance of successfully deflecting attacks. We also use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the proximate cellular mechanisms that produce the shades of blue in different populations. We revealed that lizard tails with vivid blue reflectance evolved in communities with either weasel or snake predators, two groups of animals with the ability to detect blue wavelengths. However, lizard tail UV reflectance was much higher in populations with only snake predators; that snakes can detect UV, yet weasels cannot, suggests that high UV reflectance is an adaptation to increase tail conspicuousness specifically to snake predators. Finally, a cryptic brown tail evolved independently on the islands where birds are the primary lizard predator. We suggest that because birds have keen visual acuity; a brown, camouflaged phenotype is more advantageous. We also determined through TEM that the thickness of light reflecting platelets in iridophores, and densities of iridophores and xanthophores, predicted the wavelengths and intensity of light reflected by the lizard tail. For example, blue coloration was produced by selective reflection of short wavelengths of light by the thin light reflecting platelets of the iridophore. Greater iridophore density increased light reflectance, while greater xanthophore density decreased light reflectance. Abstract : The shades of blue colour in the tails of juvenile lizards, which likely serve to deflect predator attacks toward the autotomizable tail rather than the lizard's body, vary across populations, most notably among those island populations with different predator assemblages. Lizard tails with vivid blue reflectance evolved in communities with either weasel or snake predators, which have the ability to detect blue wavelengths. However, a cryptic brown tail evolved independently on the islands where birds are the primary lizard predator. We also determined through TEM that thickness of light reflecting platelets in iridophores, and densities of iridophores and xanthophores, predicted the wavelengths and intensity of light reflected by the lizard tail.