Gene regulation in the immediate-early response process. (September 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bahrami, Shahram; Drabløs, Finn
• Is Part Of: Advances in biological regulation. Volume 62(2016)
• Page Start: 37
• Page End: 49
• Publication Date: 2016-09
• Subjects: Immediate-early response -- Signaling cascades -- Poised genes -- Transcription factors -- Enhancers; IER immediate-early response -- IEG immediate-early gene -- PRG primary response gene -- SRG secondary response genes -- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor -- EGF epidermal growth factor -- SRF serum-response factor -- NF-kB nuclear factor-kB -- CREB cyclic AMP response element-binding protein -- AP-1 activator protein-1 -- TCF ternary complex factor -- ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase -- MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinases -- ELK1 E26-like kinase -- MRTF myocardin related transcription factor -- NF1 nuclear factor 1 -- PARP1 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 -- RSK p90 ribosomal S6 kinase -- JNK c-Jun N- terminal kinase -- ERK5 extracellular signal regulated kinase-5 -- BMK1 Big MAP kinase-1 -- MSK Mitogen/stress activated protein kinase -- RNA Pol II RNA polymerase II -- GO Gene Ontology -- TBP TATA binding protein -- TSS Transcription Start Site -- HAT histone acetyl transferase -- IRF3 interferon regulatory factor 3 -- TLR Toll-like receptor -- NGF nerve growth factor -- G protein guanine nucleotide binding protein -- TF Transcription Factor -- MKL megakaryoblastic leukemia -- ESC embryonic stem cells -- DSIF DRB sensitivity-inducing factor -- NELF negative elongation factor -- P-TEFb positive transcription elongation factor -- CTD C-terminal domain -- eRNA enhancer RNA; Cellular control mechanisms -- Periodicals; Biological control systems -- Periodicals; Molecular biology -- Periodicals; Periodicals; 571.74
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.05.001
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2212-4926

Abstract

Abstract: Immediate-early genes (IEGs) can be activated and transcribed within minutes after stimulation, without the need for de novo protein synthesis, and they are stimulated in response to both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic signals. Extracellular signals are transduced from the cell surface, through receptors activating a chain of proteins in the cell, in particular extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and members of the RhoA-actin pathway. These communicate through a signaling cascade by adding phosphate groups to neighboring proteins, and this will eventually activate and translocate TFs to the nucleus and thereby induce gene expression. The gene activation also involves proximal and distal enhancers that interact with promoters to simulate gene expression. The immediate-early genes have essential biological roles, in particular in stress response, like the immune system, and in differentiation. Therefore they also have important roles in various diseases, including cancer development. In this paper we summarize some recent advances on key aspects of the activation and regulation of immediate-early genes.