Treatment of the benign inverted nipple: A systematic review and recommendations for future therapy. (October 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hernandez Yenty, Q.M.; Jurgens, W.J.F.M.; van Zuijlen, P.P.M.; de Vet, H.C.W.; Verhaegen, P.D.H.M.
• Is Part Of: Breast. Volume 29(2016)
• Page Start: 82
• Page End: 89
• Publication Date: 2016-10
• Subjects: Inverted nipple -- Retracted nipple -- Depressed nipple -- Systematic review; Breast -- Diseases -- Periodicals; Breast -- Tumors -- Periodicals; Breast -- Periodicals; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 616
• DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.07.011
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0960-9776

Abstract

Abstract: The inverted nipple is a frequently encountered problem which can cause difficulties with breastfeeding, sexuality, and aesthetic dissatisfaction. Up to now, no consensus exists on a preferred treatment method. We performed a systematic review to identify the best treatment method for correction of benign inverted nipples. Treatment techniques were subdivided in the categories lactiferous duct preserving and lactiferous duct damaging. A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA statement. Inclusion criteria were: female patients with congenital or acquired inverted nipples, a minimum sample size of 10 nipples, and studies reporting recurrence of inversion with a minimum follow-up of six months. Exclusion criteria were nipple inversion caused by malignancy. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria which all had a level of evidence IV. No non-invasive treatment techniques were identified. In the duct preserving category eight studies were included with a recurrence rate of 0.6% (2/350) versus 9.9% (16/161) in the duct damaging category (n = 5). Other outcome parameters were not systematically reported in all studies. Because of a small number of low quality studies with heterogeneous interventions and outcomes a meta-analysis could not be performed and no preferred treatment method was identified. Based on the available data there is no statistical evidence that duct damaging treatment is superior to duct preserving treatment. We recommend that the first method of choice should be a duct preserving treatment method. In the future, more studies of better methodological quality are required and recommendations were made on how these could be conducted. Highlights: A systematic search on treatment methods for inverted nipples resulted in 13 relevant studies for systematic analysis. Recurrence of nipple inversion in the duct preserving category was 0.6% versus 9.9% in the duct damaging category. At this moment based on the available literature no superior treatment technique for nipple inversion can be identified. The authors advocate using the least damaging treatment technique, i.e. a duct preserving treatment.