Finding Britain's last hunter-gatherers: A new biomolecular approach to 'unidentifiable' bone fragments utilising bone collagen. (September 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Charlton, Sophy; Alexander, Michelle; Collins, Matthew; Milner, Nicky; Mellars, Paul; O'Connell, Tamsin C.; Stevens, Rhiannon E.; Craig, Oliver E.
• Is Part Of: Journal of archaeological science. Volume 73(2016:Sep.)
• Page Start: 55
• Page End: 61
• Publication Date: 2016-09
• Subjects: Mesolithic -- Neolithic -- Collagen -- Stable isotopes -- AMS dating -- ZooMS -- Diet; Archaeology -- Periodicals; Archéologie -- Périodiques; 930.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.014
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-4403

Abstract

Abstract: In the last decade, our knowledge of the transition from foraging, fishing, and hunting to agricultural food production has been transformed through the molecular analysis of human remains. In Britain, however, the lack of Late Mesolithic human remains has limited our understanding of this dietary transition. Here, we report the use of a novel strategy to analyse otherwise overlooked material to identify additional human remains from this period. ZooMS, a method which uses bone collagen sequences to determine species, was applied to unidentifiable bone fragments from 5 th millennium deposits from the Late Mesolithic site of Cnoc Coig (Oronsay, Inner Hebrides) using an innovative new methodology. All samples bar one produced ZooMS results, with 14/20 bone fragments identified as human, and the remainder a mixture of pig and seal. 70% of bone fragments had sufficient collagen for stable isotope analyses, however none of three human bone fragments analysed had sufficient endogenous DNA. By conducting AMS dating and stable isotope analysis on this identified collagen, we provide new data that supports the view that the exploitation of marine resources partially overlapped with the earliest agricultural communities in Britain, and thus argues against the idea that forager lifeways in Britain were immediately replaced by agriculture c.4000 cal. BC. Unfortunately, we were unable to explore the genetic relationship between contemporaneous farmers and foragers. However, the more persistent bone protein could be used to identify species, determine date, and assess diet. This novel approach is widely applicable to other early prehistoric sites with fragmentary skeletal material. Highlights: A new approach to identifying additional Mesolithic human remains is proposed. Species identification achieved via residual gelatine bound to emptied plastic tubes. Data generated challenge view that British forager lifeways ceased c.4000 cal. BC. Exploitation of marine resources overlapped with early agriculture in Britain. Study highlights the utility of bone protein for data on date, diet and identity.