Are addiction-related memories malleable by working memory competition? Transient effects on memory vividness and nicotine craving in a randomized lab experiment. (September 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Markus, Wiebren; de Weert – van Oene, Gerdien H.; Woud, Marcella L.; Becker, Eni S.; DeJong, Cornelis A.J.
• Is Part Of: Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. Volume 52(2016)
• Page Start: 83
• Page End: 91
• Publication Date: 2016-09
• Subjects: EMDR -- Nicotine -- Craving -- Addiction -- Working memory taxation -- Eye movements; Behavior therapy -- Periodicals; 616.89142
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.007
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0005-7916

Abstract

Abstract: Background and objectives: Experimental research suggests that working memory (WM) taxation reduces craving momentarily. Using a modified Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) procedure, prolonged reductions in craving and relapse rates in alcohol dependence have been demonstrated. Modified EMDR-procedures may also hold promise in smoking cessation attempts. A proof-of-concept study was conducted to narrow the gap between WM-taxation experiments and clinical EMDR studies. To this end the clinical EMDR-procedure was modified for use in a laboratory experiment. Methods: Daily smokers (n = 47), abstaining overnight, were allocated (by minimization randomization) to one of two groups using a parallel design. In both cases a modified EMDR-procedure was used. In the experimental group (n = 24) eye movements (EM) were induced while control group participants (n = 23) fixed their gaze (not taxing WM). During 6 min trials, craving-inducing memories were recalled. Craving, vividness of target memories, and smoking behavior were assessed at several variable-specific time-points between baseline (one week pre-intervention) and one week follow-up. Results: The experimental group showed significant immediate reductions of craving and vividness of targeted memories. However, these effects were lost during a one-week follow-up period. Conclusions: A limited dose of WM-taxation, in the form of EM in a modified EMDR-procedure, resulted in transient effects on memory vividness and nicotine craving. EM provide a valuable way of coping with the acute effects of craving during smoking cessation attempts. Other aspects of the EMDR-procedure may provide additional effects. Component and dose–response studies are needed to establish the potential of EMDR-therapy in smoking cessation. Highlights: Working memory taxation temporally reduces both abstinence and cue-induced craving. Working memory taxation temporally reduces vividness of targeted memories. Eye movements provide help coping with acute craving during smoking cessation.