'Sons of athelings given to the earth':1 Infant Mortality within Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Geography. (September 2014)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- 'Sons of athelings given to the earth':1 Infant Mortality within Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Geography. (September 2014)
- Main Title:
- 'Sons of athelings given to the earth':1 Infant Mortality within Anglo-Saxon Mortuary Geography
- Authors:
- SAYER, DUNCAN
- Abstract:
- Abstract : FOR 20 OR MORE YEARS early Anglo-Saxon archaeologists have believed children are under-represented in the cemetery evidence. They conclude that excavation misses small bones, that previous attitudes to reporting overlook the very young, or that infants and children were buried elsewhere. This is all well and good, but we must be careful of oversimplifying compound social and cultural responses to childhood and infant mortality. Previous approaches have offered methodological quandaries in the face of this under-representation. However, proportionally more infants were placed in large cemeteries and sometimes in specific zones. This trend is statistically significant and is therefore unlikely to result entirely from preservation or excavation problems. Early medieval cemeteries were part of regional mortuary geographies and provided places to stage events that promoted social cohesion across kinship systems extending over tribal territories. This paper argues that patterns in early Anglo-Saxon infant burial were the result of female mobility. Many women probably travelled locally to marry in a union which reinforced existing social networks. For an expectant mother, however, the safest place to give birth was with experienced women in her maternal home. Infant identities were affected by personal and legal association with their mother's parental kindred, so when an infant died in childbirth or months and years later, it was their mother's identity which dictatedAbstract : FOR 20 OR MORE YEARS early Anglo-Saxon archaeologists have believed children are under-represented in the cemetery evidence. They conclude that excavation misses small bones, that previous attitudes to reporting overlook the very young, or that infants and children were buried elsewhere. This is all well and good, but we must be careful of oversimplifying compound social and cultural responses to childhood and infant mortality. Previous approaches have offered methodological quandaries in the face of this under-representation. However, proportionally more infants were placed in large cemeteries and sometimes in specific zones. This trend is statistically significant and is therefore unlikely to result entirely from preservation or excavation problems. Early medieval cemeteries were part of regional mortuary geographies and provided places to stage events that promoted social cohesion across kinship systems extending over tribal territories. This paper argues that patterns in early Anglo-Saxon infant burial were the result of female mobility. Many women probably travelled locally to marry in a union which reinforced existing social networks. For an expectant mother, however, the safest place to give birth was with experienced women in her maternal home. Infant identities were affected by personal and legal association with their mother's parental kindred, so when an infant died in childbirth or months and years later, it was their mother's identity which dictated burial location. As a result, cemeteries central to tribal identities became places to bury the sons and daughters of a regional tribal aristocracy. Résumé: Pendant une vingtaine d'années, les archéologues s'intéressant au début de la période anglo-saxonne ont cru que les enfants étaient sous-représentés dans les fouilles de cimetières. Ils en concluaient que des ossements si petits n'étaient pas trouvés lors des fouilles, que les pratiques antérieures n'avaient pas pour habitude de mentionner les jeunes enfants, ou que l'on enterrait ailleurs les bébés et les enfants. Tout ceci semblerait logique, mais il faut se méfier de ne pas simplifier outre mesure les réponses sociales et culturelles complexes face à la mortalité infantile et enfantine. Vu cette sous-représentation, les approches antérieures n'ont pu offrir que des dilemmes méthodologiques. Or, une proportion plus grande de nourrissons était ensevelie dans les grands cimetières, parfois dans des zones spécifiques. Cette tendance est statistiquement significative et ne résulte probablement pas seulement de problèmes de préservation ou d'excavation. Les premiers cimetières médiévaux, faisant partie de géographies mortuaires régionales, étaient des lieux pour mettre en scène des événements propices à la cohésion sociale à travers divers systèmes de parenté et les territoires tribaux. Cet article fait valoir que les tendances en matière de sépulture infantile au début de la période anglo-saxonne résultaient de la mobilité des femmes. Nul doute que les femmes se déplaçaient localement pour se marier, une union qui consolidait les réseaux sociaux existants. Or, le plus sûr pour une femme enceinte était d'accoucher en compagnie de femmes expérimentées, dans son foyer maternel. Les identités des nourrissons étaient marquées par les associations personnelles et légales avec les parents côté maternel, de sorte que, quand un enfant mourrait à la naissance ou quelques mois/années plus tard, c'était l'identité maternelle qui dictait le lieu de sépulture. En conséquence, les cimetières les plus importants pour l'identité tribale sont devenus les lieux de sépulture des fils et filles d'une aristocratie tribale régionale. Zusammenfassung: Seit zwanzig oder mehr Jahren glauben die Archäologen der frühen angelsächsischen Periode, dass Kinder in den Funden auf Friedhöfen unterrepräsentiert sind. Sie kommen zu dem Schluss, dass bei Ausgrabungen kleine Knochen übersehen werden, dass frühere Einstellungen zum Berichtswesen die sehr jungen Menschen übersehen haben oder dass Kinder und Säuglinge anderswo bestattet wurden. Das ist alles schön und gut, doch wir müssen sorgfältig darauf achten, die komplexen sozialen und kulturellen Reaktionen auf die Kinder- und Säuglingssterblichkeit zu sehr zu vereinfachen. Bisherige Ansätze haben zu methodologischen Dilemmas angesichts dieser Unterrepräsentation geführt. Es wurden jedoch in bestimmten Zonen proportional mehr Säuglinge auf großen Friedhöfen beigesetzt. Dieser Trend ist statistisch signifikant und rührt also wahrscheinlich nicht von Erhaltungs- oder Ausgrabungsproblemen her. Frühmittelalterliche Friedhöfe waren Teil der regionalen Totengeografie und boten Orte, an denen man Veranstaltungen durchführen konnte, die den sozialen Zusammenhalt in Verwandtschaftssystemen über die Stammesgrenzen hinweg förderten. Dieser Artikel argumentiert, dass die Muster der Säuglingsbestattungen in der frühen angelsächsischen Zeit das Ergebnis der Mobilität der weiblichen Bevölkerung waren. Viele Frauen reisten vielleicht in der näheren Umgebung, um eine Heirat einzugehen, die bestehende soziale Netzwerke verstärkte. Für eine werdende Mutter war jedoch der sicherste Ort für die Geburt eine Umgebung von erfahrenen Frauen in ihrem mütterlichen Zuhause. Die Identität der Säuglinge wurde durch die persönliche und juristische Verbindung mit der elterlichen Verwandtschaft der Mutter geprägt, und wenn ein Säugling bei der Geburt oder Monate und Jahre später starb, bestimmte folglich die Identität der Mutter den Ort des Begräbnisses. Deswegen waren Friedhöfe, die für die Identität eines Stammes von zentraler Bedeutung waren, Orte, an denen die Söhne und Töchter der regionalen Stammesaristokratie beerdigt wurden. Riassunto: Da vent'anni o più gli archeologi del primo periodo anglosassone ritengono che nei reperti cimiteriali i bambini non sono sufficientemente rappresentati. Concludono che durante gli scavi vanno perdute piccole ossa, che con l'atteggiamento passato in fatto di resoconti i bambini più piccoli venivano trascurati, oppure che neonati e bambini erano sepolti altrove. Tutto questo sta bene, ma dobbiamo stare attenti a non semplificare eccessivamente le reazioni complesse, sociali e culturali, riguardo alla mortalità infantile. Di fronte all'insufficiente documentazione gli approcci precedenti hanno posto dilemmi metodologici. Tuttavia nei cimiteri più grandi erano stati sepolti proporzionalmente più neonati e a volte in zone particolari. Questa tendenza è statisticamente rilevante ed è quindi improbabile che derivi interamente da problemi di conservazione o di scavi. I cimiteri altomedievali facevano parte della geografia mortuaria regionale e rappresentavano luoghi in cui organizzare eventi che producevano coesione sociale tra tutti i sistemi di parentela, estendendosi sui territori tribali. In questo saggio si sostiene che la distribuzione delle sepolture di neonati durante il primo periodo anglosassone sia una conseguenza della mobilità femminile. È probabile che molte donne si spostassero localmente per sposarsi e formare un'unione che rafforzava i vincoli sociali esistenti. Tuttavia per una gestante il luogo più sicuro per partorire era nella propria casa materna con donne esperte. L'identità infantile era influenzata dai legami personali e legali con i parenti della madre, cosicché quando un bambino moriva durante il parto, o mesi e anni dopo, era l'identità della madre a dettare il luogo della sepoltura. Per questo i cimiteri che si trovavano al centro di identità tribali divennero i luoghi in cui seppellire la progenie delle aristocrazie tribali regionali. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Medieval archaeology. Volume 58(2014)
- Journal:
- Medieval archaeology
- Issue:
- Volume 58(2014)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 58, Issue 2014 (2014)
- Year:
- 2014
- Volume:
- 58
- Issue:
- 2014
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2014-0058-2014-0000
- Page Start:
- 78
- Page End:
- 103
- Publication Date:
- 2014-09
- Subjects:
- Middle Ages -- Periodicals
Great Britain -- Antiquities -- Periodicals
Europe -- Antiquities -- Periodicals
940.1 - Journal URLs:
- http://www.maney.co.uk/search?fwaction=show&fwid=382 ↗
http://maneypublishing.com/ ↗
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/med ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1179/0076609714Z.00000000032 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0076-6097
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - BLDSS-3PM
British Library HMNTS - ELD Digital store - Ingest File:
- 1477.xml