Calcium regulation in mouse mesencephalic neurons—Differential roles of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Issue 6 (June 2016) - Wu, Pei-Chun
Graphical abstract: Highlights: Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers play prominent roles in removing [Ca 2+ ]i induced by glutamate but not depolarization in mesencephalic neurons. ER, functionally closer to K + -dependent Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, is a Ca 2+ source which provide limited effects. Mitochondria act as the major Ca 2+ storages and functionally closer to K + -independent Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger. These three machineries cooperate interactively and behave similarly in the regulation of [Ca 2+ ]i in the mesencephalic neurons. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis suggests each individual neurons consist of different combinations of Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers subtypes. Abstract: Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons are the key to finely tune the voluntary movement, habit and motivation. The progressive and selective degeneration of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The susceptibility of DA neurons in the SNpc may result from differences in how Ca 2+ is handled. However, very little information is available about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i ) in DA neurons. In this study, the relative contributions of various Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers and their interplay with internal Ca 2+ stores, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria, in the regulation of the [Ca 2+ ]i of mouse mesencephalic neurons were characterized. Both the K + -dependent Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCKX) and the K + -independent Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) can be detected and are functional in DA and non-DA neurons. NCX accounts for the larger component of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange activity. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis showed each individual neuron expressed a distinct set of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers. Furthermore, the Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers play prominent roles in removing [Ca 2+ ]i induced by glutamate but not [Ca 2+ ]i induced by depolarization. The mitochondria serve as a major Ca 2+ sink and are functionally located close to NCX. In contrast, the ER is functionally located close to NCKX and acts primarily as a Ca 2+ source with marginal effects. This study reveals that the Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers, the ER and the mitochondria, which cooperate interactively, act similarly when regulating [Ca 2+ ]i in mesencephalic DA and non-DA neurons. The heterogeneous expression of multiple types of Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers and the quantitative differences found in [Ca 2+ ]i regulation, together with other risk factors specific to DA neurons such as dopamine oxidation resulting in oxidative stress, may drive these cells to undergo selective degeneration.