A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis. (June 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Davis, Justin; Eyre, Harris; Jacka, Felice N; Dodd, Seetal; Dean, Olivia; McEwen, Sarah; Debnath, Monojit; McGrath, John; Maes, Michael; Amminger, Paul; McGorry, Patrick D; Pantelis, Christos; Berk, Michael
• Is Part Of: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. Volume 65(2016)
• Page Start: 185
• Page End: 194
• Publication Date: 2016-06
• Subjects: BDNF Brain derived neurotrophic factor -- CD14 cluster of differentiation 14 -- ENV envelope -- GWAS genome wide association studies -- GAG group specific antigen -- HERVs human endogenous retroviruses -- HPA hypothalamic pituitary adrenal -- IGF2 insulin-like growth factor 2 -- IQ intelligence quotient -- mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid -- TL4 toll like receptor 4 -- UHR ultra-high risk -- UV ultraviolet; Psychophysiology -- Periodicals; Human behavior -- Periodicals; Animal behavior -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; Behavior -- Periodicals; Ethology -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; Psychophysiologie -- Périodiques; Comportement humain -- Périodiques; Animaux -- Mœurs et comportement -- Périodiques; Neurologie -- Périodiques; Animal behavior; Human behavior; Neurology; Psychophysiology; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 573.8
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0149-7634

Abstract

Highlights: Brings together a number of risk factors to explore how they act in a spectrum to contribute to the risk of schizophrenia. Builds upon the previous neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia. Builds upon a previous paper which detailed the neuroprogressive processes seen in schizophrenia. Some of the most renowned schizophrenia researchers in Australia are senior authors. Abstract: Schizophrenia risk has often been conceptualized using a model which requires two hits in order to generate the clinical phenotype—the first as an early priming in a genetically predisposed individual and the second a likely environmental insult. The aim of this paper was to review the literature and reformulate this binary risk-vulnerability model. We sourced the data for this narrative review from the electronic database PUBMED. Our search terms were not limited by language or date of publication. The development of schizophrenia may be driven by genetic vulnerability interacting with multiple vulnerability factors including lowered prenatal vitamin D exposure, viral infections, smoking intelligence quotient, social cognition cannabis use, social defeat, nutrition and childhood trauma. It is likely that these genetic risks, environmental risks and vulnerability factors are cumulative and interactive with each other and with critical periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. The development of schizophrenia is likely to be more complex and nuanced than the binary two hit model originally proposed nearly thirty years ago. Risk appears influenced by a more complex process involving genetic risk interfacing with multiple potentially interacting hits and vulnerability factors occurring at key periods of neurodevelopmental activity, which culminate in the expression of disease state. These risks are common across a number of neuropsychiatric and medical disorders, which might inform common preventive and intervention strategies across non-communicable disorders.