Annickia affinis and A. chlorantha (Enantia chlorantha) – A review of two closely related medicinal plants from tropical Africa. (24th December 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Olivier, D.K.; Van Vuuren, S.F.; Moteetee, A.N.
• Is Part Of: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 176(2015)
• Page Start: 438
• Page End: 462
• Publication Date: 2015-12-24
• Subjects: ALT alanine aminotransferase -- ALP alkaline phosphatase -- A-OH allyl alcohol -- AST aspartate transaminase -- BCG Bacillus Calmette–Guérin -- BHT butylated hydroxytoluene -- BMDM bone marrow-derived macrophages -- BSA bovine serum albumin -- CNS central nervous system -- COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2 -- DCM dichloromethane -- DI diameter of inhibition -- DPPH 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl -- ED50 effective dose for 50% of test animals -- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -- ET100 exposure time within which the viable count drops to the lowest detectable limit -- EtOH ethanol -- EtOAc ethyl acetate -- FRAP fluorescence recovery after photobleaching -- GalN D-galactosamine -- GDP gross domestic product -- IC50 half maximal inhibitory concentration -- LC50 (LD50) lethal concentration (lethal dose) that kills 50% of test organisms during the observation period -- IK outward potassium currents -- IK1 inward rectifier potassium currents -- ICRAC Ca+2 release-activated Ca+2 current -- MAO monoamine oxidases -- MAQ minimum active quantity -- MBC minimum bactericidal concentration -- MeOH methanol -- MFC minimum fungicidal concentration -- MIC minimum inhibitory concentration -- NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate -- PHBA p-hydroxybenzoic acid -- SBC short branch clade -- S-CREAT serum creatinine -- SD standard deviation -- S-OH-PROL serum hydroxyproline -- WHO World Health Organization; Biological properties -- Chemical composition -- Conservation -- Medicinal plant -- Structure–activity relationship -- Taxonomy -- Toxicity; Ethnopharmacology -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosie -- Périodiques; Herbes -- Périodiques; 615.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.021
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0378-8741

Abstract

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Annickia affinis (Exell) Versteegh & Sosef, closely related to A. chlorantha Setten & P.J.Maas (both species also referred to as Enantia chlorantha Oliv.), from the Annonaceae family, are multi-purpose medicinal plants used widely across tropical Africa. The two Annickia species are morphologically distinct from each other and have different distribution patterns, but are frequently confused. Furthermore, the name Enantia chlorantha is an illegitimate name, but is still used today. Materials and methods: A review of the literature was undertaken and an in-depth analysis of previous research and future prospectives are considered. While a myriad of publications cite the species " Enantia chlorantha ", this is not the case for A. affinis and A. chlorantha, and no reviews are available for any of the species to date. Consequently, a summary of their ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological properties is presented here (for the period 1933 – November 2014) in order to substantiate their traditional importance as medicines for rural people in Africa. Results: To this effect, these species seem to be the preferred traditional treatments for malaria in tropical Africa, an area suffering heavily under the malaria pandemic. Their chemical composition is dominated particularly by various isoquinoline alkaloids, as well as by acetogenins and sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the bark and leaves. All three of these classes of compounds have been reported to exhibit noteworthy biological activity. Conclusions: Due to their widespread use, especially of the bark, these species have already been categorized as threatened with extinction. Consequently this study further aims to identify areas where more research needs to be conducted involving these important species, and also to suggest possible means of increasing the biological activities of their extracts as a way to conserve the species. Graphical abstract: