Intumescence: Tradition versus novelty. A comprehensive review. (December 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Alongi, Jenny; Han, Zhidong; Bourbigot, Serge
• Is Part Of: Progress in polymer science. Volume 51(2015:Dec.)
• Page Start: 28
• Page End: 73
• Publication Date: 2015-12
• Subjects: ABDPP arylene-N, N′-bis(2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-propanediol phosphoramidate) -- ABS acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer -- AlPi aluminium diethylphosphinate -- AMS ammonium sulfamate -- APb dibasic ammonium phosphate -- APP ammonium poly(phosphate) -- ATH aluminium hydroxide -- BASPB bis-aminobenzyl spirocylic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate -- BDP bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) -- BL bilayer -- BLEVE boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion -- b-MAP melamine salt of 3, 9-di-hydroxy-2, 4, 8, 10-tetraoxa-3, 9-diphosphaspiro[5, 5]-undecane-3, 9-dioxide -- BSi boron silicon containing preceramic oligomer -- CD cyclodextrins -- CFA charring–foaming agent -- CNT carbon nanotube -- CPPA cyclic polyphosphate -- DBDPE decabrominated diphenyethane -- DMP-RDP tetra-2, 6-dimethyl phenyl resorcinol diphosphate -- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid -- DPER dipentaerythritol -- DPPOSS dodecaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane -- DPSPB poly(2, 2-dimethylpropylene spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) -- EBuAMA ethylene–butylacrylate–maleic anhydride -- EEE electrical and electronic equipment -- EG expandable graphite -- EPDM ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer -- FA fly ash -- FR flame retardant -- FRPOSS poly(vinylsilsesquioxane) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane -- FTIR Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy -- GF glass fibers -- GF-PA66 poly(amide) 6, 6 reinforced with glass fibers -- GFWI glow wire flammability index -- GIC graphite intercalation compounds -- GNP graphene nanoplatelet -- HCFA hyperbranched charring and foaming agent -- HDPE high density poly(ethylene) -- HEDP 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid -- HIPS high impact poly(styrene) -- HNCP hexakis(4-nitrophenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene -- HRC heat release capacity -- HRR heat of release rate -- IFR intumescent flame retardant -- LaB lanthanum borate -- LbL layer-by-layer -- LDPE low density poly(ethylene) -- LLDPE linear low density poly(ethylene) -- LOI limiting oxygen index -- MA melamine -- MAPP maleic anhydride-g-polypropylene -- MC melamine cyanurate -- MCC micro-scale cone calorimetry -- Melabis melamine salt of bis(1-oxo-2, 6, 7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-4-ylmethanol)phosphate -- MH magnesium hydroxide -- MLR mass loss rate -- MMT montmorillonite -- MOPO 4-(5, 5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yloxymethyl)-2, 6, 7-trioxa-1-phospha-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-oxide -- MP melamine phosphate -- MPP melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate -- MWNT multi wall carbon nanotube -- NiPCS nickel chitosan phosphate -- NP novolac phenol resins -- NS β-CD nanosponges -- OMMT organo-modified montmorillonite -- OMPOSS octamethyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane -- OP950 zinc phosphinate -- PA6 poly(amide) 6 -- PA66 poly(amide) 6, 6 -- PAH poly(allylamine) -- PAHPA N-(2-(5, 5-dimethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaphosphinyl-2-ylamino)-hexyl)acetamide-2-propyl acid -- PBS poly(butylene succinate) -- PBT poly(butylene terephthalate) -- PC poly[2, 2-propane(bisphenol) carbonate] or poly(carbonate) -- PCFC pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry -- PCPP poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-pentaerythritol) -- PDAP 1-oxo-2, 6, 7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane-methyl diallyl phosphate -- PDMN PET-co-9, 10-dihydro-10-[2, 3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide -- PDSPB poly(diaminodiphenyl methane spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) -- PE poly(ethylene) -- PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition -- PEPA 1-oxo-2, 6, 7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol phosphate -- PEPS poly ethanediamine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate -- PER pentaerythritol -- PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- PFAPP ammonium polyphosphate encapsulated with a phenolic resin -- PHBS poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) -- PhEt diethyl phosphoramidate -- PHRR peak of heat release rate -- PLA poly(lactic acid) -- PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate) -- POPO 2-phenyl-1, 3, 2 oxazaphospholidine 2-oxide -- POSS polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane -- PP polypropylene -- PPA polyphosphoric acid -- PPG poly(propylene glycol) -- PPR poly(pseudorotaxane) -- PS poly(styrene) -- PTA phospho-tungstic acid -- PU poly(urethane) -- PVA poly(vinyl alcohol) -- PVC poly(vinyl chloride) -- PY ammonium pyrophosphate -- QL quadlayer -- RDB resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) -- SBR styrene, butadiene rubber -- SBS styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer -- SEM scanning electron microscopy -- SPPC stearylphosphonic chloride -- SPR smoke production rate -- TCPP tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate -- TEP triethyl phosphate -- TGA thermogravimetric analysis -- THE total heat evolved -- THR total heat release -- TPO polypropylene/poly(octylene-co-ethylene) blends -- TPP triphenyl phosphate -- TPS thermoplastic starch -- TPU thermoplastic poly(urethane) -- TrPP triphenyl phosphite -- TSP total smoke production -- TSR total smoke release -- TSPB toluidine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate -- TTI time to ignition -- UPR unsaturated polyester resin -- xGnP exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet -- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy -- ZHS zinc hydroxystannate -- Zn–Al LDH zinc aluminium layered double hydroxide -- ZnB zinc borate -- ZS zinc stannate; Intumescence -- Flame retardancy -- Combustion -- Calorimetry; Polymers -- Periodicals; Polymerization -- Periodicals; Polymers -- Industrial applications -- Periodicals; Polymères -- Périodiques; Polymérisation -- Périodiques; 547.7
• DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.010
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0079-6700

Abstract

Abstract: The objective of current research on intumescent formulations is on consolidated approaches for conferring flame retardancy properties to polymers and polymer blends. Numerous academic and industrial efforts have been carried out in the last fifteen years, by revisiting the traditional concept of intumescence on the basis of the new chemical synthesis or novel nano-technological developments. The main concepts of intumescence are reviewed in this report, highlighting the novelties as well as the most significant results achieved in the flame retardancy of polymeric materials in the last 10–15 years. Although the basic aspects of intumescence such as the chemical components, thermal and rheological aspects are well-known, the modeling and simulation of these systems are completely new and never reviewed. Analogously, the traditional chemical compositions will be compared with the novel systems, most of them based on the nanotechnology and synergistic aspects. Thus, the results collected up-to-now by using these new intumescent formulations will be dealt with the different polymer families. The use of current intumescent coatings for metals, steel, wood and plastics as well as the application of novel intumescent coatings deposited on fabrics, films and foams through layer-by-layer assembly are reviewed. Although the latter technique is not new, its use to confer flame retardancy properties to polymers is a recent development.