Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis. (15th April 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sutterland, A. L.; Fond, G.; Kuin, A.; Koeter, M. W. J.; Lutter, R.; van Gool, T.; Yolken, R.; Szoke, A.; Leboyer, M.; de Haan, L.; Leboyer, Marion
• Is Part Of: Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Volume 132:Number 3(2015:Sep.)
• Page Start: 161
• Page End: 179
• Publication Date: 2015-04-15
• Subjects: Psychiatry -- Periodicals; 616.89
• DOI: 10.1111/acps.12423
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0001-690X

Abstract

<abstract abstract-type="main" id="acps12423-abs-0001"> <title> <x xml:space="preserve">Abstract</x> </title> <sec id="acps12423-sec-0001" sec-type="section"> <title>Objective</title> <p>To perform a meta‐analysis on studies reporting prevalence of <italic>Toxoplasma gondii</italic> (<italic>T. gondii</italic>) infection in any psychiatric disorder compared with healthy controls. Our secondary objective was to analyze factors possibly moderating heterogeneity.</p> </sec> <sec id="acps12423-sec-0002" sec-type="section"> <title>Method</title> <p>A systematic search was performed to identify studies into <italic>T. gondii</italic> infection for all major psychiatric disorders versus healthy controls. Methodological quality, publication bias, and possible moderators were assessed.</p> </sec> <sec id="acps12423-sec-0003" sec-type="section"> <title>Results</title> <p>A total of 2866 citations were retrieved and 50 studies finally included. Significant odds ratios (ORs) with IgG antibodies were found in schizophrenia (OR 1.81, <italic>P</italic> < 0.00001), bipolar disorder (OR 1.52, <italic>P</italic> = 0.02), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OR 3.4, <italic>P</italic> < 0.001), and addiction (OR 1.91, <italic>P</italic> < 0.00001), but not for major depression (OR 1.21, <italic>P</italic> = 0.28). Exploration of the association between <italic>T. gondii</italic> and schizophrenia yielded a significant effect of seropositivity before onset and serointensity, but not IgM antibodies or gender. The amplitude of the OR was influenced by region and general seroprevalence. Moderators together accounted for 56% of the observed variance in study effects. After controlling for publication bias, the adjusted OR (1.43) in schizophrenia remained significant.</p> </sec> <sec id="acps12423-sec-0004" sec-type="section"> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>These findings suggest that <italic>T. gondii</italic> infection is associated with several psychiatric disorders and that in schizophrenia reactivation of latent <italic>T. gondii</italic> infection may occur.</p> </sec> </abstract>