Transcalvarial brain herniation volume after decompressive craniectomy is the difference between two spherical caps. Issue 3 (March 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Liao, Chun-Chih; Tsai, Yi-Hsin; Chen, Yi-Long; Huang, Ke-Chun; Chiang, I-Jen; Wong, Jau-Min; Xiao, Furen
• Is Part Of: Medical hypotheses. Volume 84:Issue 3(2015)
• Page Start: 183
• Page End: 188
• Publication Date: 2015-03
• Subjects: Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; Médecine -- Périodiques; Medicine; Periodicals; 610
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.12.018
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-9877

Abstract

<abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="author" id="ab005"> <title id="st060">Abstract</title> <sec> <p id="sp0005">Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical procedure used to relieve severely increased intracranial pressure (ICP) by removing a portion of the skull. Following DC, the brain expands through the skull defect created by DC, resulting in transcalvarial herniation (TCH). Traditionally, people measure only changes in the ICP but not in the intracranial volume (ICV), which is equivalent to the volume of TCH (<italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub>), in patients undergoing DC.</p> <p id="sp0010">We constructed a simple model of the cerebral hemispheres, assuming the shape of the upper half of a sphere with a radius of 8 cm. We hypothesized that the herniated brain following DC also conforms to the shape of a spherical cap. Considering that a circular piece of the skull with a radius of <italic>a</italic> was removed, <italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub> is the volume difference between 2 spherical caps at the operated side and the corresponding non-operated side, which represents the pre-DC volume underneath the removed skull due to the bilateral symmetry of the skull and the brain.</p> <p id="sp0015">Subsequently, we hypothesized that the maximal extent of TCH depends on <italic>a</italic> because of the biomechanical limitations imposed by the inelastic scalp. The maximum value of <italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub> is 365.0 mL when <italic>a</italic> is 7.05 cm and the height difference between the spherical caps (Δ<italic>h</italic>) at its maximum is 2.83 cm. To facilitate rapid calculation of <italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub>, we proposed a simplified estimation formula, <inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgh3xfzth7q" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" id="d13e420" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>ˆ</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>TCH</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgh3xfztgkq" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" id="d13e455" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives></inline-formula>. With the <italic>a</italic> value ranging between 0 and 7 cm, the ratio between <inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgh3xfztgqx" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="si3.gif" overflow="scroll" id="d13e472" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>ˆ</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>TCH</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives></inline-formula> and <italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub> ranges between 0.77 and 1.27, with different Δ<italic>h</italic> values. For elliptical skull defects with base diameters of <italic>A</italic> and <italic>C</italic>, the formula changes to <inline-formula><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgh3xfztgfh" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="si4.gif" overflow="scroll" id="d13e502" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>ˆ</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>TCH</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">AC</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives></inline-formula>.</p> <p id="sp0020">If our hypothesis is correct, surgeons can accurately calculate <italic>V</italic><sub>TCH</sub> after DC. Furthermore, this can facilitate volumetric comparisons between the effects of DCs in skulls of varying sizes, allowing quantitative comparisons between ICVs in addition to ICPs.</p> </sec> </abstract>