Can Silicon Make an Excellent Drug Even Better? An in vitro and in vivo Head‐to‐Head Comparison between Loperamide and Its Silicon Analogue Sila‐Loperamide. Issue 5 (20th March 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Geyer, Marcel; Wellner, Eric; Jurva, Ulrik; Saloman, Sebastian; Armstrong, Duncan; Tacke, Reinhold
• Is Part Of: ChemMedChem. Volume 10:Issue 5(2015:May)
• Page Start: 911
• Page End: 924
• Publication Date: 2015-03-20
• Subjects: Pharmaceutical chemistry -- Periodicals; 615.19005
• DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500040
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1860-7179

Abstract

<abstract abstract-type="main" xml:lang="en"> <title>Abstract</title> <p>Loperamide (<bold>1a</bold>), an opioid receptor agonist, is in clinical use as an antidiarrheal agent. Carbon/silicon exchange (sila‐substitution) at the 4‐position of the piperidine ring of <bold>1a</bold> (R<sub>3</sub>COH→R<sub>3</sub>SiOH) leads to sila‐loperamide (<bold>1b</bold>). Sila‐loperamide was synthesized in a multistep procedure, starting from triethoxyvinylsilane and taking advantage of the 4‐methoxyphenyl (MOP) unit as a protecting group for silicon. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of the C/Si analogues <bold>1a</bold> and <bold>1b</bold> were determined and compared. Despite significant differences in the in vitro PK properties of loperamide and sila‐loperamide regarding clearance, permeability, and efflux, both compounds exhibited nearly identical in vivo PK profiles. The increase in metabolic stability of the silicon compound <bold>1b</bold> observed in vitro seems to be counterbalanced by an increase in efflux and diminished permeability compared to the parent carbon compound <bold>1a</bold>. Overall, sila‐loperamide exhibits high unbound clearance (<italic>CL</italic><sub>u</sub>), leading to a significant decrease in unbound concentration (<italic>C</italic><sub>u</sub>) and unbound area under the curve (<italic>AUC</italic><sub>u</sub>) after oral exposure, compared to loperamide. In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies showed an altered profile of biotransformation for the silicon compound <bold>1b</bold>, leading to the formation of a more polar and quickly cleared metabolite and preventing the formation of the silicon analogue of the neurotoxic metabolite observed for the parent carbon compound <bold>1a</bold>. These differences can be correlated with the different chemical properties of the C/Si analogues <bold>1a</bold> and <bold>1b</bold>. This study provides some of the most detailed insights into the effects of a carbon/silicon switch and how this carbon/silicon exchange affects overall drug properties.</p> </abstract>