On the catalytic mechanism and stereospecificity of Escherichia coli l‐threonine aldolase. (13th November 2013)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: di, Martino L.; Remesh, Soumya G.; Vivoli, Mirella; Ghatge, Mohini S.; Paiardini, Alessandro; D'Aguanno, Simona; Safo, Martin K.; Contestabile, Roberto
• Is Part Of: FEBS journal. Volume 281:Number 1(2014)
• Page Start: 129
• Page End: 145
• Publication Date: 2013-11-13
• Subjects: Biochemistry -- Periodicals; Molecular biology -- Periodicals; Pathology, Molecular -- Periodicals; 572
• DOI: 10.1111/febs.12581
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1742-464X

Abstract

<abstract abstract-type="main" id="febs12581-abs-0001"> <title> <x xml:space="preserve">Abstract</x> </title> <sec id="febs12581-sec-0001" sec-type="section"> <p> <sc>l</sc>‐Threonine aldolases (<sc>l</sc>‐TAs) represent a family of homologous pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzymes found in bacteria and fungi, and catalyse the reversible cleavage of several <sc>l</sc>‐3‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids. <sc>l</sc>‐TAs have great biotechnological potential, as they catalyse the formation of carbon–carbon bonds, and therefore may be exploited for the bioorganic synthesis of <sc>l</sc>‐3‐hydroxyamino acids that are biologically active or constitute building blocks for pharmaceutical molecules. Many <sc>l</sc>‐TAs, showing different stereospecificity towards the Cβ configuration, have been isolated. Because of their potential to carry out diastereoselective syntheses, <sc>l</sc>‐TAs have been subjected to structural, functional and mechanistic studies. Nevertheless, their catalytic mechanism and the structural bases of their stereospecificity have not been elucidated. In this study, we have determined the crystal structure of low‐specificity <sc>l</sc>‐TA from <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> at 2.2‐Å resolution, in the unliganded form and cocrystallized with <sc>l</sc>‐serine and <sc>l</sc>‐threonine. Furthermore, several active site mutants have been functionally characterized in order to elucidate the reaction mechanism and the molecular bases of stereospecificity. No active site catalytic residue was revealed, and a structural water molecule was assumed to act as the catalytic base in the retro‐aldol cleavage reaction. Interestingly, the very large active site opening of <italic>E. coli </italic><sc>l</sc>‐TA suggests that much larger molecules than <sc>l</sc>‐threonine isomers may be easily accommodated, and <sc>l</sc>‐TAs may actually have diverse physiological functions in different organisms. Substrate recognition and reaction specificity seem to be guided by the overall microenvironment that surrounds the substrate at the enzyme active site, rather than by one ore more specific residues.</p> </sec> <sec id="febs12581-sec-0002" sec-type="section"> <title>Structured digital abstract</title> <p> <list id="febs12581-list-0001" list-type="alpha-upper"> <list-item> <p>eTA and eTA bind by x-ray crystallography (1, 2).</p> </list-item> </list> </p> </sec> <sec id="febs12581-sec-0502" sec-type="section"> <title>Database</title> <p>RCSB PDB (www.pdb.org): structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank/BioMagResBank databases under the accession numbers 4LNJ, 4LNM and 4LNL for the unliganded, <italic>e</italic>TA‐Thr and <italic>e</italic>TA‐Ser structures.</p> </sec> </abstract>