Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species – bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. Issue 6 (25th July 2013)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Vatansever, Fatma; de, Wanessa C.M.A.; Avci, Pinar; Vecchio, Daniela; Sadasivam, Magesh; Gupta, Asheesh; Chandran, Rakkiyappan; Karimi, Mahdi; Parizotto, Nivaldo A.; Yin, Rui; Tegos, George P.; Hamblin, Michael R.
• Is Part Of: FEMS microbiology reviews. Volume 37:Issue 6(2013)
• Page Start: 955
• Page End: 989
• Publication Date: 2013-07-25
• Subjects: Microbiology -- Reviews -- Periodicals; Microbiology -- Periodicals; 579.05
• DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0168-6445

Abstract

<abstract abstract-type="main" id="fmr12026-abs-0001"> <title>Abstract</title> <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction in molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising superoxide (<alternatives><inline-graphic mimetype="image" xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgg3j1rh4jh" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01686445:media:fmr12026:fmr12026-math-0001" overflow="scroll" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives>), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), hydroxyl radical (<sup></sup>OH), and singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of <alternatives><inline-graphic mimetype="image" xlink:href="ark:/27927/pgg3j1rh4hz" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" /><mml:math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01686445:media:fmr12026:fmr12026-math-0002" overflow="scroll" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></alternatives> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> are less acute than those of OH and <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, because the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify <sup></sup>OH or <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics and nonpharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma, and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers reactive nitrogen species and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide‐releasing nanoparticles.</p> </abstract>