6G key technologies : a comprehensive guide /: a comprehensive guide. (2022)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Wei Jiang, Fa-Long Luo.
• Authors: (Writer on 6G networks), Jiang, Wei; Luo, Fa-Long
• Contents: Preface xv List of Abbreviations xxi Part I The Vision of 6G and Technical Evolution 1 1 Standards History of Cellular Systems Toward 6G 3 1.1 0G: Pre-Cellular Systems 4 1.2 1G: The Birth of Cellular Network 6 1.2.1 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 7 1.2.2 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 8 1.3 2G: From Analog to Digital 9 1.3.1 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 10 1.3.2 Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS) 11 1.3.3 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) 11 1.3.4 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 12 1.3.5 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 12 1.3.6 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 14 1.4 3G: From Voice to Data-Centric 15 1.4.1 Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) 16 1.4.2 Code-Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000) 18 1.4.3 Time Division-Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) 21 1.4.4 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) 22 1.5 4G: Mobile Internet 23 1.5.1 Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced) 25 1.5.2 WirelessMAN-Advanced 28 1.6 5G: From Human to Machine 30 1.7 Beyond 5G 37 1.8 Conclusions 39 References 39 2 Pre-6G Technology and System Evolution 43 2.1 1G –AMPS 44 2.1.1 System Architecture 44 2.1.2 Key Technologies 46 2.1.2.1 Frequency Reuse 46 2.1.2.2 Cell Splitting 47 2.1.2.3 Sectorization 48 2.1.2.4 Handover 48 2.1.2.5 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 49 2.2 2G –GSM 49 2.2.1 System Architecture 50 2.2.1.1 Mobile Station Subsystem 50 2.2.1.2 Bases Station Subsystem 50 2.2.1.3 Network and Switching Subsystem 51 2.2.1.4 Operation and Support Subsystem 51 2.2.1.5 General Packet Radio Service 52 2.2.1.6 Gateway GPRS Support Node 53 2.2.2 Key Technologies 53 2.2.2.1 Time-Division Multiple Access 53 2.2.2.2 Frequency Hopping 54 2.2.2.3 Speech Compression 55 2.2.2.4 Channel Coding 55 2.2.2.5 Digital Modulation 56 2.2.2.6 Discontinuous Transmission (DXT) 56 2.3 3G –WCDMA 56 2.3.1 System Architecture 57 2.3.1.1 User Equipment 57 2.3.1.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 58 2.3.1.3 Core Network 59 2.3.2 Key Technologies 60 2.3.2.1 Code-Division Multiple Access 60 2.3.2.2 Rake Receiver 63 2.3.2.3 Turbo Codes 63 2.4 4G – LTE 64 2.4.1 System Architecture 65 2.4.1.1 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 65 2.4.1.2 Evolved Packet Core 65 2.4.2 Key Technologies 68 2.4.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 70 2.4.2.2 Carrier Aggregation 71 2.4.2.3 Relaying 71 2.4.2.4 Heterogeneous Network 72 2.4.2.5 Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission and Reception 73 2.4.2.6 Device-to-Device Communications 73 2.4.2.7 License-Assisted Access 74 2.5 5G –New Radio 75 2.5.1 System Architecture 76 2.5.1.1 5G Core Network 77 2.5.1.2 Next Generation Radio Access Network 79 2.5.2 Key Technologies 81 2.5.2.1 Massive MIMO 81 2.5.2.2 MillimeterWave 82 2.5.2.3 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 83 2.5.2.4 SDN/NFV 84 2.5.2.5 Network Slicing 85 2.5.2.6 Polar Codes 86 2.6 Conclusions 87 References 87 3 The Vision of 6G: Drivers, Enablers, Uses, and Roadmap 89 3.1 Background 90 3.2 Explosive Mobile Traffic 92 3.3 Use Cases 94 3.4 Usage Scenarios 98 3.5 Performance Requirements 102 3.6 Research Initiatives and Roadmap 107 3.6.1 ITU 108 3.6.2 Third Generation Partnership Project 110 3.6.3 Industry 110 3.6.4 Europe 110 3.6.5 The United States 113 3.6.6 China 116 3.6.7 Japan 116 3.6.8 South Korea 117 3.7 Key Technologies 117 3.7.1 MillimeterWave 118 3.7.2 Terahertz Communications 118 3.7.3 Optical Wireless Communications 119 3.7.4 Massive MIMO 120 3.7.5 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 121 3.7.6 Next-Generation Multiple Access 122 3.7.7 Open Radio Access Network 123 3.7.8 Non-Terrestrial Networks 124 3.7.9 Artificial Intelligence 125 3.7.10 Communication-Computing-Sensing Convergence 127 3.8 Conclusions 128 References 128 Part II Full-Spectra Wireless Communications in 6G 131 4 Enhanced Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications in 6G 133 4.1 Spectrum Shortage 134 4.2 mmWave Propagation Characteristics 136 4.2.1 Large-Scale Propagation Effects 137 4.2.1.1 Free-Space Propagation Loss 137 4.2.1.2 NLOS Propagation and Shadowing 139 4.2.1.3 Atmospheric Attenuation 141 4.2.2 Small-Scale Propagation Effects 143 4.2.3 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 145 4.2.4 Doppler Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 146 4.2.5 Angular Spread 149 4.3 Millimeter-Wave Channel Models 152 4.3.1 Large-Scale Fading 152 4.3.2 3GPP Channel Models 155 4.3.2.1 Urban Micro Scenario 155 4.3.2.2 Urban Macro Scenario 156 4.3.2.3 Indoor Scenario 157 4.3.3 Small-Scale Fading 159 4.4 mmWave Transmission Technologies 163 4.4.1 Beamforming 163 4.4.1.1 Digital Beamforming 164 4.4.1.2 Analog Beamforming 168 4.4.1.3 Hybrid Beamforming 169 4.4.1.4 3D Beamforming 173 4.4.2 Initial Access 175 4.4.2.1 Multi-Beam Synchronization and Broadcasting 176 4.4.2.2 Conventional Initial Access in LTE 178 4.4.2.3 Beam-Sweeping Initial Access in NR 181 4.4.3 Omnidirectional Beamforming 183 4.4.3.1 Random Beamforming 185 4.4.3.2 Enhanced Random Beamforming 187 4.4.3.3 Complementary Random Beamforming 190 4.5 Summary 192 References 193 5 Terahertz Technologies and Systems for 6G 195 5.1 Potential of Terahertz Band 196 5.1.1 Spectrum Limit 196 5.1.2 The Need of Exploiting Terahertz Band 198 5.1.3 Spectrum Regulation on Terahertz Band 203 5.2 Terahertz Applications 205 5.2.1 Terahertz Wireless Communications 205 5.2.1.1 Terabit Cellular Hotspot 205 5.2.1.2 Terabit Wireless Local-Area Network 206 5.2.1.3 Terabit Device-To-Device Link 206 5.2.1.4 Secure Wireless Communication 207 5.2.1.5 Terabit Wireless Backhaul 207 5.2.1.6 Terahertz Nano-Communications 208 5.2.2 Non-Communication Terahertz Applications 209 5.2.2.1 Terahertz Sensing 209 5.2.2.2 Terahertz Imaging 210 5.2.2.3 Terahertz Positioning 212 5.3 Challenges of Terahertz Communications 212 5.3.1 High Free-Space Path Loss 213 5.3.2 Atmospheric Attenuation 215 5.3.3 Weather Effects 222 5.3.4 Blockage 224 5.3.5 High Channel Fluctuation 226 5.4 Array-of-Subarrays Beamforming 228 5.5 Lens Antenna 231 5.5.1 Refraction of RadioWaves 232 5.5.2 Lens Antenna Array 233 5.6 Case Study – IEEE 802.15.3d 236 5.6.1 IEEE 802.15.3d Usage Scenarios 237 5.6.2 Physical Layer 240 5.6.2.1 Channelization 240 5.6.2.2 Modulation 242 5.6.2.3 Forward Error Correction 242 5.6.3 Medium Access Control 244 5.6.4 Frame Structure 246 5.6.4.1 Preamble 247 5.6.4.2 PHY Header 247 5.6.4.3 MAC Header 248 5.6.4.4 Construction Process of Frame
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : Wiley-IEEE Press
• Publication Date: 2022
• Extent: 1 online resource (576 pages)
• Subjects: 621.384; Wireless communication systems; Wireless communication systems -- Technological innovations
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119847496
• Related ISBNs: 9781119847472
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.