Remote sensing physics : an introduction to observing Earth from space /: an introduction to observing Earth from space. (2022)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Rick Chapman, Richard Gasparovic.
• Authors: Chapman, Rickey David, 1955-; Gasparovic, Richard Francis, 1941-
• Contents: Acronyms xiii Preface xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing 1 1.1 How Remote SensingWorks 4 References 9 2 Satellite Orbits 11 2.1 Computation of Elliptical Orbits 15 2.2 Low Earth Orbits 16 2.3 Geosynchronous Orbits 23 2.4 Molniya Orbit 27 2.5 Satellite Orbit Prediction 29 2.6 Satellite Orbital Trade-offs 29 References 31 3 Infrared Sensing 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Radiometry 33 3.3 Radiometric Sensor Response 37 3.3.1 Derivation 37 3.3.2 Example Sensor Response Calculations 40 3.3.3 Response of a Sensor with a Partially-Filled FOV 41 3.4 Blackbody Radiation 41 3.4.1 Planck’s Radiation Law 41 3.4.2 Microwave Blackbody 43 3.4.3 Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Limits 44 3.4.4 Stefan–Boltzmann Law 44 3.4.5 Wein’s Displacement Law 44 3.4.6 Emissivity 45 3.4.7 Equivalent Blackbody Temperature 45 3.5 IR Sea Surface Temperature 45 3.5.1 Contributors to Infrared Measurements 45 3.5.2 Correction of Low-Altitude Infrared Measurements 47 3.5.3 Correction of High-Altitude Infrared Measurements 49 3.6 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer 50 3.7 Propagation in Seawater 55 3.8 Smooth Surface Reflectance 58 3.9 Rough Surface Reflectance 61 3.10 Ocean Thermal Boundary Layer 63 3.11 Operational SST Measurements 66 3.11.1 AVHRR Instrument 67 3.11.2 AVHRR Processing 69 3.11.3 AVHRR SST Algorithms 70 3.11.4 Example AVHRR Images 71 3.11.5 VIIRS Instrument 72 3.11.6 SST Accuracy 76 3.11.7 Applications 77 3.12 Land Temperature – Theory 78 3.13 Operational Land Temperature 81 3.14 Terrestrial Evapotranspiration 86 3.15 Geologic Remote Sensing 88 3.15.1 Linear Mixture Theory and Spectral Unmixing 90 3.16 Atmospheric Sounding 92 References 96 4 Optical Sensing – Ocean Color 101 4.1 Introduction to Ocean Color 101 4.2 Fresnel Reflection 105 4.3 Skylight 108 4.4 Water-Leaving Radiance 108 4.5 Water Column Reflectance 111 4.5.1 Pure Seawater 114 4.5.2 Case 1Waters 114 4.5.3 Case 2Waters 115 4.6 Remote Sensing Reflectance 116 4.7 Ocean Color Data – Case 1Water 119 4.7.1 Other Uses of Ocean Color 120 4.8 Atmospheric Corrections 121 4.9 Ocean Color Satellite Sensors 125 4.9.1 General History 125 4.9.2 SeaWiFS 132 4.9.3 MODIS 133 4.9.4 VIIRS 136 4.10 Ocean Chlorophyll Fluorescence 139 References 145 5 Optical Sensing – Land Surfaces 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Radiation over a Lambertian Surface 149 5.3 Atmospheric Corrections 153 5.4 Scattering from Vegetation 154 5.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 158 5.6 Vegetation Condition and Temperature Condition Indices 164 5.7 Vegetation Indices from Hyperspectral Data 165 5.8 Landsat Satellites 166 5.9 High-resolution EO sensors 170 5.9.1 Introduction 170 5.9.2 First Generation Systems 170 5.9.3 Second Generation Systems 172 5.9.4 Third Generation Systems 172 5.9.5 Commercial Smallsat Systems 173 References 182 6 Microwave Radiometry 185 6.1 Introduction to Microwave Radiometry 185 6.2 Microwave Radiometers 185 6.3 Microwave Radiometry 187 6.3.1 Antenna Pattern 188 6.3.2 Antenna Temperature 189 6.3.3 Examples 190 6.4 Polarization 191 6.4.1 Basic Polarization 191 6.4.2 Jones Vector 192 6.4.3 Stokes Parameters 193 6.5 Passive Microwave Sensing of the Ocean 194 6.5.1 Atmospheric Transmission 195 6.5.2 Seawater Emissivity 195 6.5.3 Fresnel Reflection Coefficients, Emissivity, and Skin Depth 196 6.5.4 Sky Radiometric Temperature 197 6.5.5 Sea Surface Brightness Temperature 199 6.5.6 Wind Direction from Polarization 202 6.6 Satellite Microwave Radiometers 203 6.6.1 SMMR 204 6.6.2 SSM/I and SSMI/S 205 6.6.3 SSM/I Wind Algorithm 207 6.6.4 AMSR-E 208 6.6.5 WindSat 210 6.7 Microwave Radiometry of Sea Ice 213 6.8 Sea Ice Measurements 219 6.9 Microwave Radiometry of Land Surfaces 224 6.10 Atmospheric Sounding 229 References 232 7 Radar 235 7.1 Radar Range Equation 235 7.2 Radar Cross-Section 239 7.3 Radar Resolution 242 7.4 Pulse Compression 246 7.5 Types of Radar 250 7.6 Example Terrestrial Radars 251 7.6.1 Weather Radars 251 7.6.2 HF SurfaceWave Radar 254 References 255 8 Altimeters 257 8.1 Introduction to Altimeters 257 8.2 Specular Scattering 260 8.3 Altimeter Wind Speed 263 8.4 Altimeter SignificantWave Height 266 8.5 Altimeter Sea Surface Height 269 8.5.1 Introduction 269 8.5.2 Pulse-limited vs Beam-limited Altimeter 269 8.5.3 Altimeter Pulse Timing Precision 270 8.5.4 Altimeter Range Corrections 270 8.6 Sea Surface Topography 274 8.7 Measuring Gravity and Bathymetry 280 8.8 Delay-Doppler Altimeter 281 References 284 9 Scatterometers 287 9.1 OceanWaves 287 9.2 Bragg Scattering 293 9.3 RCS Dependence on Wind 297 9.4 Scatterometer Algorithms 300 9.5 Fan-Beam Scatterometers 303 9.6 Conical-Scan Pencil Beam Scatterometers 306 9.7 Conical-Scan Fan-Beam Scatterometers 311 References 313 10 Synthetic Aperture Radar 315 10.1 Introduction to SAR 315 10.2 SAR Azimuth Resolution 319 10.2.1 Doppler Time History 319 10.2.2 Azimuth Extent, Integration Time, and Doppler Bandwidth 322 10.2.3 Azimuth Resolution 322 10.2.4 SAR Timing, Resolution, and Swath Limits 324 10.2.5 The Magic of SAR Exposed 325 10.3 SAR Image Formation and Image Quality 326 10.4 SAR Imaging of Moving Scatterers 329 10.5 Multimode SARs 332 10.6 Polarimetric SAR 333 10.6.1 Polarimetric Response of Canonical Targets 333 10.6.2 Decompositions 334 10.6.3 Compact Polarimetry 336 10.7 SAR Systems 337 10.7.1 Radarsat-1 339 10.7.2 Envisat 339 10.7.3 PALSAR 339 10.7.4 Radarsat-2 339 10.7.5 TerraSAR-X 339 10.7.6 COSMO-SkyMed 341 10.7.7 Sentinel-1 343 10.7.8 Radar Constellation Mission (RCM) 343 10.7.9 Military SARs 343 10.8 Advanced SARs 346 10.8.1 Cross-Track Interferometry 346 10.8.2 Along-Track Interferometry 347 10.8.3 Differential Interferometry 350 10.8.4 Tomographic Interferometry 351 10.8.5 High-Resolution, Wide-Swath SAR 351 10.9 SAR Applications 353 10.9.1 SAR Ocean SurfaceWaves 353 10.9.2 SAR Winds 359 10.9.3 SAR Bathymetry 365 10.9.4 SAR Ocean InternalWaves 371 10.9.5 SAR Sea Ice 376 10.9.6 SAR Oil Slicks and Ship Detection 378 10.9.7 SAR Land Mapping Applications and Distortions 386
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Washington, D.C : American Geophysical Union
• Publication Date: 2022
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 550.28; Earth sciences -- Remote sensing; Environmental monitoring -- Remote sensing; Artificial satellites
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119669159
• Related ISBNs: 9781119669074
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
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