Biodiesel Technology and Applications. (2021)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Mashallah Rezakazemi.
• Editors: Ahamed, Mohd Imran; Boddula, Rajender; Rezakazemi, Mashallah; Inamuddin
• Contents: Preface xvii 1 Biocatalytic Processes for Biodiesel Production 1; Ubaid Mehmood, Faizan Muneer, Muhammad Riaz, Saba Sarfraz and Habibullah Nadeem 1.1 Introduction and Background 2 1.2 Importance of Biodiesel Over Conventional Diesel Fuel 3 1.3 Substrates for Biodiesel Production 4 1.4 Methods in Biodiesel Production 6 1.5 Types of Catalysts Involved in Biodiesel Production 7 1.5.1 Chemical Homogenous Catalysts 7 1.5.2 Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts 8 1.5.3 Biocatalysts 8 1.6 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Transesterification Reaction 8 1.6.1 Effect of Water in Enzyme Catalyzed Transesterification 9 1.6.2 Effect of Bioreactor 10 1.6.3 Effect of Acyl Acceptor on Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel 10 1.6.4 Effect of Temperature on Enzymatic Biodiesel Production 14 1.6.5 Effect of Glycerol on Enzymatic Biodiesel Production 14 1.6.6 Effect of Solvent on Biodiesel Production 16 1.7 Lipases as Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Production 17 1.7.1 Mechanisms of Lipase Action 19 1.7.2 Efficient Lipase Sources for Biodiesel Producing Biocatalyst 19 1.8 Comparative Analysis of Intracellular and Extracellular Lipases for Biodiesel Production 21 1.9 Recombinant Lipases for Cost-Effective Biodiesel Production 26 1.10 Immobilization of Lipases for Better Biodiesel Production 28 1.11 Recent Strategies to Improve Biodiesel Production 31 1.11.1 Combination of Lipases 31 1.11.2 Microwave and Ultrasonic-Assisted Reaction 33 1.12 Lipase Catalyzed Reaction Modeling and Statistical Approaches for Reaction Optimization 35 1.13 Conclusion and Summary 38 References 38 2 Application of Low-Frequency Ultrasound for Intensified Biodiesel Production Process 59; Mohd Razealy Anuar, Mohamed Hussein Abdurahman, Nor Irwin Basir and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah 2.1 Current Fossil Fuel Scenario 60 2.2 Biodiesel 60 2.3 Transesterification 61 2.4 Challenges for Improved Biodiesel Production 62 2.5 Homogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 63 2.6 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 64 2.7 Immiscibility of the Reactants 65 2.8 Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel Production Process 66 2.8.1 Fundamental Aspects of the Process 66 2.8.2 Homogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 69 2.8.3 Heterogeneously Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 72 2.8.3.1 Heterogeneously Acid Catalyzed System 72 2.8.3.2 Heterogeneous Based Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted System 74 2.8.3.3 Influence of Reaction Parameters 78 2.9 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgement 80 References 80 3 Application of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 85; Anilkumar R. Gupta and Virendra K. Rathod 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis for the Biodiesel Production 89 3.2.1 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst 89 3.2.2 Homogeneous-Base Catalyst 93 3.3 Heterogeneous Catalyst 96 3.3.1 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst 97 3.3.2 Heterogeneous-Base Catalyst 106 3.4 Biocatalysts 115 3.5 Conclusion 119 References 124 4 Hydrogenolysis as a Means of Valorization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol: A Review 137; Manjoro T.T., Adeniyi A. and Mbaya R.K.K. 4.1 Introduction 138 4.2 Ways of Valorization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol 139 4.2.1 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol Into Value-Added Commodities 140 4.2.1.1 Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol 140 4.2.1.2 Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol 143 4.2.1.3 Pyrolysis of Bioglycerol 144 4.2.1.4 Glycerol Transesterification 145 4.2.1.5 Glycerol Direct Carboxylation 146 4.3 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 147 4.3.1 Definition of Hydrogenolysis 147 4.3.2 Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 148 4.3.3 Product Spectrum from Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 148 4.3.4 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1, 2-PDO (Propylene Glycol): Reaction Systems Overview 149 4.3.5 Catalyst Selection 151 4.3.6 Reaction Conditions That Influence the Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1, 2-PDO 153 4.3.6.1 Effect of Reaction Temperature 153 4.3.6.2 Effect of H2 Pressure 154 4.3.6.3 Effect of Initial Water Concentration 155 4.3.6.4 Effect of Reaction Time 156 4.3.6.5 Effect of Catalyst Weight 156 4.3.6.6 Proposed Reaction Mechanisms for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Produce 1, 2-PDO 157 4.4 Conclusion 159 References 159 5 Current Status, Synthesis, and Characterization of Biodiesel 167; Akshay Garg, Gaurav Dwivedi, Prashant Baredar and Siddharth Jain 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Status of Biodiesel in India 169 5.3 Biodiesel Production in India 169 5.3.1 Feedstocks Popular in India 169 5.3.1.1 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Oil 171 5.3.1.2 Pongamia Oil 171 5.3.1.3 Mahua Oil 171 5.3.1.4 Neem Oil 171 5.3.1.5 Linseed Oil 171 5.3.1.6 Rubber Seed Oil 172 5.3.1.7 Tobacco Oil 172 5.3.1.8 Castor 172 5.3.1.9 Waste Cooking Oil 172 5.3.1.10 Algae Oil 172 5.3.2 Advantages of Non-Edible Oils 173 5.3.3 Modification Techniques 173 5.3.3.1 Blending 173 5.3.3.2 Micro-Emulsification 173 5.3.3.3 Cracking 174 5.3.3.4 Transesterification 174 5.3.4 Biodiesel Production Methodology 174 5.3.4.1 Catalytic Transesterification 174 5.3.4.2 Non-Catalytic Transesterification 178 5.3.5 Optimization Methodology for Biodiesel 179 5.3.5.1 Central Composite Design Technique 179 5.3.5.2 Box Behnken Technique 179 5.4 Properties of Biodiesel 180 5.5 Analytical Methods 181 5.5.1 Titration 181 5.5.2 Chromatic Methods 181 5.5.2.1 Gas Chromatography 183 5.5.2.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 184 5.5.3 Spectroscopic Methods 184 5.5.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 184 5.5.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 185 5.5.4 Rancimat Method 185 5.5.5 Viscometry 186 5.6 Conclusion 186 References 187 6 Commercial Technologies for Biodiesel Production 195; Chikati Roick, Leonard Okonye, Nkazi Diankanua and Gorimbo Joshua Abbreviation 196 6.1 Introduction 196 6.2 Biodiesel Production 197 6.3 Technologies Used for Biodiesel Production 198 6.3.1 Chemical Reaction (Transesterification) 199 6.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion 199 6.3.3 Biomechanical Conversion 201 6.3.4 Direct Combustion 201 6.4 Other Technologies in Use for Biodiesel Production 201 6.5 Feedstock Requirement 203 6.6 Some Problems Facing Commercialization of Biodiesel in Africa 203 6.7 Case Studies/Current Status and Future Potential 204 6.8 Conclusions 207 Acknowledgments 208 References 208 7 A Global Scenario of Sustainable Technologies and Progress in a Biodiesel Production 215; M. B. Kumbhar, P. E. Lokhande, , U. S. Chavan and V.G. Salunkhe 7.1 Introduction 216 7.2 Current Status of Feedstock for Biodiesel Production Technology 218 7.3 Scenario of Biodiesel in Combustion Engine 222 7.4 Biodiesel Production Technologies 223 7.4.1 Direct Blending 223 7.4.2 Pyrolysis 224 7.4.3 Microemulsification 225 7.4.4 Transesterification 226 7.5 Microwave-Mediated Transesterification 227 7.6 Ultrasound-Mediated Transesterification 229 7.7 Catalysis in Biodiesel Production 230 7.7.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 230 7.7.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 231 <p
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Wiley-Scrivener
• Publication Date: 2021
• Extent: 1 online resource (512 pages)
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119724933
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.