Blood traces : interpretation of deposition and distribution /: interpretation of deposition and distribution. (2021)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Peter R. De Forest, Peter A. Pizzola, Brooke W. Kammrath.
• Authors: De Forest, Peter R; Pizzola, Peter A; Kammrath, Brooke W
• Contents: DEDICATION v EPIGRAPH vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix FOREWORD xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix PREFACE TO BLOOD TRACES: INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION xxi 1 Physical Evidence Record 1 1.1 Generation of Physical Evidence Record 1 1.1.1 Scene as a Recording Medium 1 1.1.2 Creation of Blood Traces 5 1.2 Capturing the Physical Evidence Record: Crime Scene Analysis 5 1.2.1 The Stages of Crime Scene Investigation 6 1.2.1.1 Scene Protection and Security 6 1.2.1.2 Evidence Recognition 8 1.2.1.3 Evidence Documentation 10 1.2.1.4 Evidence Recovery, Packaging, and Transportation 14 1.3 Reconstruction of Past Incidents from the Physical Evidence Record 17 1.3.1 Definition 17 1.3.2 Art or Science, or Both? 17 1.3.3 Importance of the Scientific Method 18 1.3.4 Reconstruction vs. Reenactment 18 1.3.5 Holistic Philosophy: Blood Trace Configuration Interpretation Is Only One Aspect of Reconstruction 19 References 20 2 Historical Perspective 21 2.1 Edgar Allen Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: History in Fiction 21 2.2 Hans Gross 22 2.3 History of Research in Blood Traces 22 2.4 Detective Charlie Chan: History in Film 23 2.5 Paul Kirk 23 2.6 Herbert MacDonell 25 2.7 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Committees and Organizations 26 References 26 3 Characteristics of Liquids Including Blood 29 3.1 Physical Properties and Fluid Mechanics of Liquids 29 3.1.1 Surface Tension and Weber Number 29 3.1.2 Density 31 3.1.3 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 31 3.1.4 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation 32 3.1.5 Flow Stability, Reynolds Number, and Rayleigh Number 33 3.1.6 Viscoelasticity 34 3.1.7 Caveats 34 3.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 35 3.2.1 Definition and Description of Blood 35 3.2.2 Factors that Influence Droplet Deposit Periphery 37 3.2.3 Factors that Influence Droplet and Deposit Size 38 3.2.4 Sedimentation and Hematocrit 40 3.3 Optical Properties of Blood Deposits 40 3.4 Physiological Characteristics of Blood 41 3.4.1 Hemostasis and Clotting 41 3.4.1.1 Postmortem Clotting 42 3.4.1.2 Lack of Clotting 42 3.5 Use of Blood Substitutes in Training and Simulations 43 References 44 4 Detection, Visual Enhancement, Identification, and Source Attribution of Blood Deposits and Configurations 47 4.1 Optical Visualization of Blood Trace Deposits 48 4.2 Catalytic Tests 52 4.3 Protein Stains 53 4.4 Blood Typing and DNA Technology 53 4.5 A Limitation of Laboratory SOPs 54 4.6 Ongoing and Future Research 55 4.7 Conclusion 58 References 58 5 Terminology, Typology, and Taxonomy 61 5.1 History of Terminologies Applied to Blood Trace Configurations 61 5.2 A Typology for Blood Trace Deposits 63 5.2.1 Contact Transfers 64 5.2.1.1 Figure(s): Static Contact Transfers 66 5.2.2 Noncontact Deposit Configurations 69 5.2.3 Arc (“Cast-off”) Deposit Configurations 69 5.2.4 Arterial Deposit Configurations 70 5.2.5 Droplet Trail Deposit Configurations 71 5.2.6 Airborne Droplets in Respiratory Airstreams 72 5.2.7 Radial (“Impact”) Spatter (Include Close-Up) 73 5.2.8 Secondary Spatter 74 5.2.8.1 Dropping Height Experiments 75 5.2.8.2 Dropping Volume Experiments 76 5.2.8.3 Various Substrates 77 5.2.8.4 Secondary Spatter Discussion 77 5.2.9 Spatter Associated with Gunshot Wounds 78 5.2.9.1 Patterns from Perforating (Through-and-through) Wounds 78 5.2.9.2 Backspatter from Entrance Wounds with No Exit (Penetrating Wounds) 80 5.2.9.3 Blood Traces from Blowback 80 5.2.10 Other Configurations 82 5.2.10.1 Flow Configurations 82 5.2.10.2 Pooling Configurations 82 5.2.10.2.1 Clotting, Serum Separation and its Significance 82 5.2.10.3 Diluted Blood Deposits 83 5.2.10.4 Significance of Voids 86 5.2.11 Post-Incident Events (“Artifacts”) 87 5.2.11.1 Human Attempts at Clean-Up 87 5.2.11.1.1 Inhibiting and Obscuring Cleaning Agents 87 5.2.11.1.2 Luminol and Investigative Leads 88 5.2.11.2 Animals and Insects 88 5.2.11.3 Unavoidable Environmental Events (i.e., Rain, Wind…) 90 References 92 6 Blood Droplet Dynamics and Deposit Formation 95 6.1 Blood Droplet Motion and Velocity Vectors 95 6.2 Angle of Impact 96 6.3 Blood Droplet Trajectory and Resulting Impact Geometry 98 6.4 Region of Convergence and Region of Origin 101 6.5 Equivalence of Relativistic Motion 104 6.6 Impact Mechanism and Blood Trace Deposit Formation 110 6.6.1 Impacts of Falling Droplets with Sessile Blood 114 6.7 Conclusion 116 References 116 7 Blood Trace Interpretation and Crime Scene/Incident Reconstruction 119 7.1 Principles of Blood Trace Reconstruction 119 7.2 Utility 126 7.2.1 Associative 126 7.2.2 Action 126 7.2.3 Positional 128 7.2.4 Directional 129 7.2.5 Temporal 129 7.2.6 Pattern Directed Sampling 130 7.3 Limitations, Problems, and Common Acceptance of the Status Quo 130 7.3.1 Lack of Teamwork and Potential Synergism Between Criminal and Scientist Investigator 130 7.3.1.1 Lack of Appreciation for the Contributions of the Scientist (or Undervaluing of the Scientist) 131 7.3.2 Potential Failures of the Scientist Investigator 132 7.3.2.1 Investigator Inexperience 132 7.3.2.2 Neglect of Scientific Principles 132 7.3.2.2.1 Misunderstanding and/or Misuse of the Scientific Method 132 7.3.2.2.2 Over-Interpretation 136 7.3.2.2.3 Opinion of a Scientist vs. Scientific Opinion 139 7.3.2.3 Deficiency in Scientific Integrity 139 7.3.2.4 Cognitive Biases 140 7.3.3 Pre- and Post-Event Artifacts 140 7.3.4 Risks Engendered by Limited or Erroneous Information 141 7.3.5 Problems with “Patterns” 142 7.3.5.1 General Problems 142 7.3.5.2 Patterns Involving a Limited Number or Detail of Traces 143 7.3.5.3 Chronological Sequencing 144 7.3.5.4 Effects Caused by Interaction of Blood and Target Surface 144 7.3.5.5 Configurations Observed after Application of Blood Presumptive and Enhancement Reagents 147 7.3.6 Problems with the Interpretation of Specific Blood Trace Configurations 148 7.3.6.1 False Expectation of Airborne Blood Droplets from the First Wounding 148 7.3.6.2 Limitations in Determining the Origin with the Radial Spatter Configurations 149 7.3.6.3 Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures 150 7.3.6.4 “Height of Fall” Estimations 151 7.3.6.5 Crude Age Estimations of Dried Blood Traces Based on Appearance 152 7.3.7 Experimental Design 152 7.4 Blood Trace Configuration Analysis as Part of a Holistic Approach to Reconstruction 154 References 155 8 Science and Pseudoscience 157 8.1 Science 157 8.1.1 The Need for a Generalist-Scientist in Crime Scene Investigation 157 8.2 Pseudoscience 158 8.2.1 The Pernicious Consequences with Respect to Reconstructions 158 8.2.2 Pseudoscience Characteristics 158 8.2.2.1 Isolation 159 8.2.2.2 Nonfalsifiability 159 8.2.2.3 Misuse of Data 160 8.2.2.4 Lack of Replicability 160 8.2.2.5 Claims of Unusually High Precision, Sensitivity of Detection, or Accuracy of Measurement 160 8.2.3 Hallmarks of a Pseudos
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2021
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 363.2562; Bloodstain pattern analysis
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119764717
• Related ISBNs: 9781119764533
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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