Nano- and biocatalysts for biodiesel production. (2021)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Avinash P. Ingle.
• Editors: Ingle, Avinash P
• Contents: Preface xv List of Contributors xix 1 Biodiesel: Different Feedstocks, Conventional Methods, and Factors Affecting its Production 1; Hossein Esmaeili and Sajad Tamjidi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Different Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 3 1.2.1 Vegetable Sources 3 1.2.2 Waste Oils 3 1.2.3 Animal Fats 5 1.2.4 Microalga Oil 6 1.3 Conventional Methods of Biodiesel Production 8 1.3.1 Microemulsion 8 1.3.2 Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking 8 1.3.3 Transesterification 8 1.4 Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production 9 1.4.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 9 1.4.1.1 Homogeneous Alkaline Catalysts 9 1.4.1.2 Homogeneous Acidic Catalysts 9 1.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 10 1.4.2.1 Heterogeneous Alkaline Catalysts 10 1.4.2.2 Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts 10 1.4.3 Enzymatic Catalysts 11 1.4.4 Nanocatalysts 12 1.5 Effects of Different Factors on Biodiesel Production Yield 15 1.5.1 Reaction Temperature 15 1.5.2 Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratio 16 1.5.3 Reaction Time 17 1.5.4 Catalyst Dosage 17 1.5.5 pH 17 1.5.6 Mixing Rate 17 1.5.7 Fatty Acids 18 1.5.8 Water Content 18 1.6 Physical Properties of Biodiesel 18 1.7 Conclusions 19 References 20 2 Nano(Bio)Catalysts: An Effective Tool to Utilize Waste Cooking Oil for the Biodiesel Production 31; Rushikesh Fopase, Swati Sharma and Lalit M. Pandey 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Waste Cooking Oils 33 2.3 Pretreatment of WCOs 33 2.4 Transesterification Process 34 2.4.1 Kinetics of Transesterification 36 2.5 Enzymatic Biocatalysts 37 2.5.1 Lipases 38 2.5.1.1 Extracellular Lipases 38 2.5.1.2 Intracellular Lipases 39 2.6 Enzyme Immobilization Techniques 41 2.7 Physical Methods 42 2.7.1 Adsorption 42 2.7.2 Encapsulation 45 2.7.3 Entrapment 46 2.8 Chemical Methods 47 2.8.1 Covalent Bonding 47 2.8.2 Cross-Linking 49 2.8.3 Summary 50 2.9 Conclusions 50 References 51 3 A Review on the Use of Bio/Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 59; Samuel Santos, Jaime Puna, João Gomes and Jorge Marchetti 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Use of Micro- and Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 62 3.2.1 Microstructured Heterogeneous Catalysts 62 3.2.1.1 Solid Acid Catalysts 62 3.2.1.2 Solid Base Catalysts 63 3.2.2 Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts 65 3.2.2.1 Gas Condensation 65 3.2.2.2 Vacuum Deposition 65 3.2.2.3 Chemical Deposition 66 3.2.2.4 Sol-Gel Method 66 3.2.2.5 Impregnation 67 3.2.2.6 Nanogrinding 68 3.2.2.7 Calcination-Hydration-Dehydration 68 3.3 Enzymatic Catalysis 69 3.3.1 Heterogeneous Biocatalysts (Lipases) and Their Immobilization 69 3.3.1.1 Physical Adsorption 70 3.3.1.2 Entrapment 70 3.3.1.3 Covalent Bonding 71 3.3.1.4 Cross-Linking 72 3.3.2 Nano(Bio)Catalysts: Immobilization of Enzymes on Nanosupports 73 3.3.2.1 Nanoparticles 73 3.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 75 3.3.2.3 Nanofibers 76 3.3.2.4 Nanocomposites 76 3.4 Conclusions 77 References 78 4 Calcium-Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 93; Priti R. Pandit and Archit Mohapatra 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Nanocatalysts 94 4.3 CaO-Based Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production 95 4.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of CaO-Based Nanocatalysts Using Waste Material 99 4.3.2 CaO Nanocatalysts Supported with Metal Oxides for Biodiesel Production 102 4.4 Effects of Different Parameters on Biodiesel Production 105 4.4.1 Reaction Time 105 4.4.2 Temperature 105 4.4.3 Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio 106 4.4.4 Catalyst Load 106 4.5 Reusability and Leaching of Nanocatalysts 106 4.6 Conclusions 107 References 107 5 Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 115; Elijah Olawale Ajala, Mary Adejoke Ajala and Harvis Bamidele Saka 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Natural Occurrences of Titania 117 5.2.1 Rutile 117 5.2.2 Anatase 118 5.2.3 Rhombic Brookite 118 5.2.4 Kaolin Clays 118 5.2.5 Ilmenites or Manaccanite 120 5.3 Precursors Used for the Synthesis of TiO2 NPs 120 5.3.1 Titanium Tetrachloride 121 5.3.2 Titanium Tetraisopropoxide 121 5.3.3 Titanium Butoxide 122 5.4 Methods for the Synthesis of TiO2 NPs 122 5.4.1 Physical Methods 122 5.4.1.1 Ball Milling 122 5.4.1.2 Laser Ablation/Photoablation 123 5.4.1.3 Sputtering 123 5.4.2 Chemical Methods 123 5.4.2.1 Microemulsion 123 5.4.2.2 Precipitation 124 5.4.2.3 Sol-Gel 124 5.4.2.4 Hydrothermal 125 5.4.2.5 Solvothermal 125 5.4.2.6 Electrochemical/Deposition 125 5.4.2.7 Sonochemical 126 5.4.2.8 Direct Oxidation 126 5.4.3 Biological Methods 126 5.4.3.1 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 126 5.4.3.2 Microbial Synthesis 128 5.4.3.3 Enzyme-Mediated Synthesis 129 5.5 Methods for the Synthesis of TiO2-Based Nanocatalysts 130 5.5.1 Wet Impregnation 130 5.5.2 Dry Impregnation 131 5.6 TiO2 -Based Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production 131 5.6.1 Sulfated TiO2 Nanocatalysts 131 5.6.2 Alkaline TiO2 Nanocatalysts 133 5.6.3 Co-Transition TiO2 Nanocatalysts 133 5.6.4 Alkali TiO2 Nanocatalysts 134 5.6.5 Bimetallic TiO2 Nanocatalysts 135 5.6.5.1 TiO2 -Pd-Ni 135 5.6.5.2 TiO2 -Au-Cu 135 5.7 Other TiO2 Nanocomposite Catalysts 135 5.8 Conclusions 136 References 136 6 Zinc-Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 143; Avinash P. Ingle 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Production 144 6.2.1 Vegetable Oils 144 6.2.2 Microbial Oils 145 6.2.3 Animal Fats 145 6.2.4 Waste Oils 145 6.2.5 Biomass 146 6.3 Conventional Methods of Biodiesel Production 146 6.3.1 Pyrolysis 146 6.3.2 Transesterification 146 6.3.2.1 Homogeneous Acid and Base (Alkali)-Catalyzed Transesterification 146 6.3.2.2 Heterogeneous Acid and Base (Alkali)-Catalyzed Transesterification 147 6.3.2.3 Enzymatic Transesterification 147 6.4 Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production 148 6.5 Zinc-Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 148 6.6 Conclusions 151 References 152 7 Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 157; Rahul Bhagat, Harris Panakkal, Indarchand Gupta and Avinash P. Ingle 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Production 158 7.2.1 Vegetable Oils 158 7.2.2 Algae 159 7.2.3 Animal Fats 160 7.2.4 Waste Cooking Oils 160 7.3 Conventional Heterogeneous Catalysts 160 7.4 Carbon-Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts 164 7.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes 166&
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2021
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 665.37; Biodiesel fuels -- Synthesis; Catalysts; Nanotechnology; Biocatalysis
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119730033
• Related ISBNs: 9781119730002
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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