Wind Energy Handbook. (2021)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Tony L. Burton, Nick Jenkins, Ervin Bossanyi, David Sharpe, Michael Graham.
• Authors: Burton, Tony L; Jenkins, Nick; Bossanyi, Ervin; Sharpe, David; Graham, Michael
• Contents: About the Authors Preface to Second Edition Preface to Third Edition Acknowledgements for First Edition Acknowledgements for Second Edition Acknowledgements for Third Edition List of Symbols Figures C1 and C2 – Co-ordinate Systems 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical development of wind energy 1.2. Modern wind turbines 1.3. Scope of the book References Websites Further reading 2. The wind resource 2.1. The nature of the wind 2.2. Geographical variation in the wind resource 2.3. Long-term wind speed variations 2.4. Annual and seasonal variations 2.5. Synoptic and diurnal variations 2.6. Turbulence 2.6.1. The nature of turbulence 2.6.2. The boundary layer 2.6.3. Turbulence intensity 2.6.4. Turbulence spectra 2.6.5. Length scales and other parameters 2.6.6. Asymptotic limits 2.6.7. Cross-spectra and coherence functions 2.6.8. The Mann model of turbulence 2.7. Gust wind speeds 2.8. Extreme wind speeds 2.8.1. Extreme winds in standards 2.9. Wind speed prediction and forecasting 2.9.1. Statistical methods 2.9.2. Meteorological methods 2.9.3. Current methods 2.10. Turbulence in complex terrain References 3. Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines (title followed by “Author’s note on aerodynamics”) 3.1. Introduction 3.2. The actuator disc concept 3.2.1. Simple momentum theory 3.2.2. Power coefficient 3.2.3. The Betz limit 3.2.4. The thrust coefficient 3.3. Rotor disc theory 3.3.1. Wake rotation 3.3.2. Angular momentum theory 3.3.3. Maximum power 3.4. Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 3.4.1. Introduction 3.4.2. Vortex cylinder theory 3.4.3. Relationship between bound circulation and the induced velocity 3.4.4. Root vortex 3.4.5. Torque and power 3.4.6. Axial flow field 3.4.7. Tangential flow field 3.4.8. Axial thrust 3.4.9. Radial flow and the general flow field 3.4.10. Further development of the Actuator Model 3.4.11. Conclusions 3.5. Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory) 3.5.1. Introduction 3.5.2. Blade element theory 3.5.3. The blade-element/momentum (BEM) theory 3.5.4. Determination of rotor torque and power 3.6. Actuator Line Theory, including radial variation 3.7. Breakdown of the momentum theory 3.7.1. Free-stream/wake mixing 3.7.2. Modification of rotor thrust caused by flow separation 3.7.3. Empirical determination of thrust coefficient 3.8. Blade geometry 3.8.1. Introduction 3.8.2. Optimal design for variable speed operation 3.8.3. A simple blade design 3.8.4. Effects of drag on optimal blade design 3.8.5. Optimal blade design for constant speed operation 3.9. The effects of a discrete number of blades 3.9.1. Introduction 3.9.2. Tip-losses 3.9.3. Prandtl’s approximation for the tip-loss factor 3.9.4. Blade root losses 3.9.5. Effect of tip-loss on optimum blade design and power 3.9.6. Incorporation of tip-loss for non-optimal operation 3.9.7. Alternative explanation for tip-loss 3.10. Stall delay 3.11. Calculated results for an actual turbine 3.12. The performance curves 3.12.1. Introduction 3.12.2. The CP − λ performance curve 3.12.3. The effect of solidity on performance 3.12.4. The CQ − λ curve 3.12.5. The CT − λ curve 3.13. Constant rotational speed operation 3.13.1. Introduction 3.13.2. The KP − 1/λ curve 3.13.3. Stall regulation 3.13.4. Effect of rotational speed change 3.13.5. Effect of blade pitch angle change 3.14. Pitch regulation 3.14.1. Introduction 3.14.2. Pitching to stall 3.14.3. Pitching to feather 3.15. Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 3.16. Variable speed operation 3.17. Estimation of energy capture 3.18. Wind turbine aerofoil design 3.18.1. Introduction 3.18.2. The NREL aerofoils 3.18.3. The Risø aerofoils 3.18.4. The Delft aerofoils 3.18.5. General principles for outboard and inboard blade sections 3.19. Add-ons (including blade modifications independent of the main structure) 3.19.1. Devices to control separation and stalling vortex generators (VGs) 3.19.2. Devices to increase CLmax and Lift/Drag ratio 3.19.3. Circulation control (Jet flaps) 3.20. Aerodynamic noise 3.20.1. Noise sources 3.20.2. Inflow turbulene-induced blade noise 3.20.3. Self-induced blade noise 3.20.4. Interaction between turbulent boundary layers on the blade and the trailing edge 3.20.5. Other blade noise sources 3.20.6. Summary References Websites Further reading Appendix A3 Lift and drag of aerofoils A3.1 Drag A3.2 The boundary layer A3.3 Boundary layer separation A3.4 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers A3.5 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation A3.6 The stalled aerofoil A3.7 The lift coefficient A3.8 Aerofoil drag characteristics A3.8.1 Symmetric aerofoils A3.8.2k Cambered aerofoils 4. Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 4.1. Introduction 4.2. The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 4.2.1. Momentum theory for a turbine rotor in steady yaw 4.2.2. Glauert’s momentum theory for the yawed rotor 4.2.3. Vortex cylinder model of the yawed actuator disc 4.2.4. Flow expansion 4.2.5. Related theories 4.2.6. Wake rotation for a turbine rotor in steady yaw 4.2.7. The blade element theory for a turbine rotor in steady yaw 4.2.8. The blade element – momentum theory for a rotor in steady yaw 4.2.9. Calculated values of induced velocity 4.2.10. Blade forces for a rotor in steady yaw 4.2.11. Yawing and tilting moments in steady yaw 4.3. The circular wing/rotor model 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.2. The general pressure distribution theory of Kinner 4.3.3. The axi-symmetric pressure distributions 4.3.4. The anti-symmetric pressure distributions 4.3.5. The Pitt and Peters model 4.3.6. The general acceleration potential method 4.3.7. Comparison of methods 4.4. Unsteady flow 4.4.1. Introduction 4.4.2. The acceleration potential method to analysek unsteady flow 4.4.3. Unsteady yawing and tilting moments 4.5. Unsteady aerofoil aerodynamics 4.5.1. Introduction 4.5.2. Aerodynamic forces caused by aerofoil acceleration 4.5.3. The effect of the shed vortex wake on an aerofoil in unsteady flow 4.6. Dynamic stall 4.6.1. Introduction 4.6.2. Dynamic stall models 4.6.2.1. The Leishmann-Beddoes (LB) Model 4.6.2.2. The ONERA model 4.6.2.3. The Gangwani Model 4.7. Computational fluid dynamics 4.7.1. Introduction 4.7.2. Inviscid computational methods 4.7.3. RANS and URANS CFD methods 4.7.4. LES and DES methods 4.7.5. Numerical techniques for CFD 4.7.5.1. Inviscid flow 4.7.5.2. Viscous flow (primitive variable methods) 4.7.6. Methods of approximating the terms in the NS equations over the flow field 4.7.6.1. The Finite Difference (FD) metho
• Edition: 3rd
• Publisher Details: Wiley
• Publication Date: 2021
• Extent: 1 online resource (1008 pages)
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119451167
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.