Smart inverters for PV solar power systems. (2021)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Rajiv K. Varma.
• Authors: Varma, Rajiv K
• Contents: Preface xxi About the Author xxv 1 Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities 1; Rajiv K. Varma 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Concepts of Reactive and Active Power Control 1 1.1.1.1 Reactive Power Control 1 1.1.1.2 Active Power Control 4 1.1.1.3 Frequency Response with Synchronous Machines5 1.1.1.4 Fast Frequency Response 8 1.2 Impacts of High Penetration of Solar PV Systems 9 1.2.1 Steady-state Overvoltage 9 1.2.2 Voltage Fluctuations 11 1.2.3 Reverse Power Flow 11 1.2.4 Transient Overvoltage 13 1.2.5 Voltage Unbalance 14 1.2.6 Decrease in Voltage Support Capability of Power Systems 14 1.2.7 Interaction with Conventional Voltage Regulation Equipment 14 1.2.8 Variability of Power Output 15 1.2.9 Balancing Supply and Demand 15 1.2.10 Changes in Active Power Flow in Feeders 16 1.2.11 Change in Reactive Power Flow in Feeders 16 1.2.12 Line Losses 17 1.2.13 Harmonic Injections 17 1.2.14 Low Short Circuit Levels 19 1.2.15 Protection and Control Issues 20 1.2.16 Short Circuit Current Issues 20 1.2.17 Unintentional Islanding 21 1.2.18 Frequency Regulation Issues due to Reduced Inertia 22 1.2.18.1 Under Frequency Response 23 1.2.18.2 Over Frequency Response 25 1.2.19 Angular Stability Issues due to Reduced Inertia 26 1.3 Development of Smart Inverters 28 1.3.1 Developments in Germany 28 1.3.2 Developments in the USA 29 1.3.3 Development in Canada of Night and Day Control of Solar PV Farms as STATCOM (PVSTATCOM) 29 1.4 Conclusions 29 References 30 2 Smart Inverter Functions 35 2.1 Capability Characteristics of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) 35 2.1.1 Reactive Power Capability Characteristic of a Synchronous Generator 36 2.2 General Considerations in Implementation of Smart Inverter Functions 37 2.2.1 Performance Categories 38 2.2.1.1 Normal Performance: 39 2.2.1.2 Abnormal Performance 39 2.2.2 Reactive Power Capability of DERs 39 2.2.2.1 Active Power (Watt) Precedence Mode 40 2.2.2.2 Reactive Power (Var) Precedence Mode 41 2.3 Smart Inverter Functions for Reactive Power and Voltage Control 41 2.3.1 Constant Power Factor Function 41 2.3.2 Constant Reactive Power Function 41 2.3.3 Voltage–Reactive Power (Volt–Var) Function 41 2.3.4 Active Power–Reactive Power (Watt–Var or P–Q) Function 42 2.3.5 Dynamic Voltage Support Function 44 2.3.5.1 Dynamic Network Support Function 44 2.3.5.2 Dynamic Reactive Current Support Function 45 2.4 Smart Inverter Function for Voltage and Active Power Control 46 2.4.1 Voltage–Active Power (Volt–Watt) Function 46 2.4.2 Coordination with Volt–Var Function 48 2.4.3 Dynamic Volt–Watt Function 48 2.5 Low/High Voltage Ride-Through (L/H VRT) Function 50 2.5.1 IEEE Standard 1547-2018 51 2.5.2 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Standard PRC-024 53 2.6 Frequency–Watt Function 54 2.6.1 Frequency–Watt Function 1 55 2.6.2 Frequency–Watt Function 2 56 2.6.3 Frequency Droop Function 56 2.6.4 Frequency–Watt Function with Energy Storage 56 2.7 Low/High Frequency Ride-Through (L/H FRT) Function 57 2.7.1 IEEE Standard 1547-2018 58 2.7.2 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Standard PRC-024 59 2.8 Ramp Rate 59 2.8.1 Fast Frequency Response 61 2.9 Smart Inverter Functions Related to DERs Based on Energy Storage Systems 61 2.9.1 Direct Charge/Discharge Function 61 2.9.2 Price-Based Charge/Discharge Function 62 2.9.3 Coordinated Charge/Discharge Management Function 62 2.9.3.1 Time-Based Charging Model 63 2.9.3.2 Duration at Maximum Charging and Discharging Rates 63 2.10 Limit Maximum Active Power Function 64 2.10.1 Without Energy Storage 64 2.10.2 With Energy Storage System 65 2.11 Set Active Power Mode 65 2.12 Active Power Smoothing Mode 65 2.13 Active Power Following Function 65 2.14 Prioritization of Different Functions 65 2.14.1 Active Power-related Functions 66 2.14.1.1 Functions Affecting Operating Boundaries 66 2.14.1.2 Dynamic Functions 66 2.14.1.3 Steady-State Functions Managing Watt Input/Output 66 2.14.2 Reactive Power-Related Functions 66 2.14.2.1 Dynamic Functions 66 2.14.2.2 Steady-State Functions 66 2.14.3 Smart Functions Under Abnormal Conditions 66 2.15 Emerging Functions 67 2.15.1 PV-STATCOM: Control of PV inverters as STATCOM during Night and Day 67 2.15.2 Reactive Power at No Active Power Output 67 2.16 Summary 68 References 68 3 Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Smart PV Inverters 73 3.1 Power Flow in a Smart Inverter System 73 3.1.1 Active Power Flow 75 3.1.1.1 Magnitude of Active Power Flow 75 3.1.1.2 Direction of Active Power Flow 75 3.1.2 Reactive Power Flow 75 3.1.2.1 Magnitude of Reactive Power Flow 75 3.1.2.2 Direction of Reactive Power Flow 76 3.1.3 Implementation of Smart Inverter Functions 76 3.2 Smart PV Inverter System 77 3.3 Power Circuit Constituents of Smart Inverter System 79 3.3.1 PV Panels 79 3.3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Scheme 82 3.3.3 Non-MPP Voltage Control 82 3.3.4 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) 83 3.3.4.1 Design of DC-Link Capacitor 84 3.3.5 AC Filter 84 3.3.6 Isolation Transformer 86 3.4 Control Circuit Constituents of Smart Inverter System 86 3.4.1 Measurement Filters 86 3.4.2 abc-dq Transformation 87 3.4.2.1 Concept 87 3.4.2.2 Theoretical Basis 88 3.4.2.3 Power in abc and dq Reference Frame 91 3.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 92 3.4.4 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 94 3.4.4.1 Effect of PLL on Active and Reactive Power Output of VSC 97 3.4.5 Current Controller 97 3.4.6 DC-Link Voltage Controller 99 3.5 Smart Inverter Voltage Controllers 100 3.5.1 Volt–Var Control 101 3.5.2 Closed-Loop Voltage Controller 101 3.6 PV Plant Control 102 3.7 Modeling Guidelines 104 3.8 Summary 104 References 104 4 PV-STATCOM: A New Smart PV Inverter and a New Facts Controller 107 4.1 Concepts of PV-STATCOM 107 4.2 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) 107 4.3 Static Var Compensator (SVC) 109 4.3.1 Control System of SVC 110 4.4 Synchronous Condenser 111 4.5 Static Synchronous Compensator 113 4.5.1 Control System of STATCOM 115 4.6 Control Modes of SVC and STATCOM 118 4.6.1 Dynamic Voltage Regulation 118 4.6.1.1 Power Transfer Without Midpoint Voltage Regulation 119 4.6.1.2 Power Transfer with Midpoint Voltage Regulation 119 4.6.2 Modulation of Bus Voltage in Response to System Oscillations 121 4.6.2.1 Damping of Power Oscillations with Reactive Power Control 121 4.6.3 Load Compensation 122 4.7 Photovoltaic-Static Synchronous Compensator 122 4.8 Operating Modes of PV-STATCOM 124 4.8.1 Nighttime 124 4.8.2 Daytime with Active Power Priority 124 4.8.3 Daytime with Reactive Power Priority 125 4.8.3.1 Reactive Power Modulation After Full Active Power Curtailment 125 4.8.3.2 Reactive Power Modulation After Partial Active Power Curtailment 126 4.8.3.3 Simultaneous Active and Reactive Power Modulation After Partial Active Power Curtailment 126 4.8.3.4 Simultaneous Active and Reactive Power M
• Edition: 1st
• Publisher Details: Hoboken : Wiley-IEEE Press
• Publication Date: 2021
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 621.31244; Photovoltaic power systems; Electric inverters; Smart materials; Photovoltaic power generation
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119214212
• Related ISBNs: 9781119214205
• Notes: Note: Description based on CIP data; resource not viewed.
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