Water treatment for purification from cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. (2020)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Anastasia E. Hiskia, Theodoros Triantis, Maria Antoniou, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Dionysios D Dionysiou.
• Editors: Hiskia, Anastasia E; Triantis, Theodoros; Antoniou, Maria; Kaloudis, Triantafyllos; Dionysiou, Dionysios D
• Contents: List of Contributors xi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 1; Armah A. de la Cruz, Neill Chernoff, James L. Sinclair, Donna Hill, Deacqunita L. Diggs, and Arthur T. Lynch 1.1 An Overview of Cyanobacteria 1 1.1.1 Evolution and Worldwide Occurrence 2 1.1.2 Physical Characteristics 3 1.1.3 Metabolites of Cyanobacteria 6 1.2 General Environmental Impact: Ecological and Human Health Effects 6 1.2.1 Climate Change and Water Demand 7 1.2.2 Risk to Humans from Cyanobacterial Toxins 8 1.3 Health Effects of Cyanotoxins 8 1.3.1 Sources and Routes of Exposure in Humans and Animals 8 1.3.2 Hepatotoxins: Microcystins, Nodularins 9 1.3.3 Cytotoxin: Cylindrospermopsins 10 1.3.4 Neurotoxins: Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(s), Homoanatoxin-a, Saxitoxins 10 1.3.5 Irritant and Dermal Toxins: Lipopolysaccharides, Lyngbyatoxins, Aplysiatoxins 11 1.3.6 Gill-Bearing Vertebrate Toxins: Euglenophycin, Prymnesins 12 1.3.7 Mixtures, Bioaccumulation, and Unknown Toxins 13 1.4 Current Guidelines for Cyanotoxins 14 1.4.1 WHO Microcystin-LR Provisional Drinking Water Guideline Value 14 1.4.2 National Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Regulations or Guideline Values 15 1.4.3 National Regulation of Unspecified Harmful Substances 17 1.4.4 Non-national Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Guideline Values 17 1.4.5 United States Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Guideline Values 17 1.5 Taste and Odor Compounds Related to Cyanobacteria 18 1.6 Management Strategies of Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxins, and Related Compounds in Water Treatments 19 References 21 2 Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxins, and Human Health 37; Geoffrey A. Codd, Emanuela Testai, Enzo Funari, and Zorica Svirčev 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Exposure Routes, Exposure Media, and Human Health 39 2.2.1 Drinking Water 40 2.2.2 Diet 40 2.2.3 Bathing and Recreational Waters 42 2.2.4 Aerosols 42 2.2.5 Terrestrial Cyanobacteria 42 2.2.6 Human Gut Colonization Hypothesis 43 2.3 Cyanobacterial Cells and Cyanotoxins as Human Health Hazards and Risks 43 2.3.1 Hepatotoxins 44 2.3.2 Cytotoxins 46 2.3.3 Neurotoxins 47 2.3.4 LPS Endotoxins 48 2.3.5 Reference Values for Cyanotoxins and WHO Guidelines 49 2.3.6 Further Sources of Risk to Human Health 50 2.3.7 Data Gaps and Research Needs 51 2.4 Reported Investigations of Roles of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Human Health Incidents 52 2.4.1 Raw (Untreated) Water 52 2.4.2 Treated Water 54 2.4.3 Aerosols and Dust 56 2.4.4 Food and Dietary Supplements 56 2.5 Recognition and Reporting of Role(s) of Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins in Health Incidents 57 2.6 Role of Human Health Incidents in Contributing to Cyanobacterial and Cyanotoxin Risk Management Policies 58 2.7 Importance of Contingency Plans and Outreach Activities 58 References 59 3 Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins by Conventional Physical-chemical Treatment 69; Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Maria João Rosa, Sabrina Sorlini, Michela Biasibetti, Christophoros Christophoridis, and Christine Edwards 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Chemical Treatment 71 3.2.1 Copper-based Algicides 71 3.2.2 Other Metal-based Algicides 72 3.2.3 Photosensitizers 72 3.2.4 Herbicides 74 3.2.5 Algicides Derived from Natural Compounds 75 3.3 Coagulation and Flocculation 75 3.4 Dissolved Air Flotation 76 3.5 Rapid Sand/Gravity Filtration 80 3.6 Slow Sand Filtration 81 3.7 Bank Filtration 83 3.8 Activated Carbon Adsorption 85 3.8.1 General 85 3.8.2 GAC/BAC Filtration 85 3.8.3 PAC Adsorption 86 3.8.4 Case Study 87 3.9 Conclusions 88 References 89 4 Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins by Membrane Processes 99; Mike B. Dixon, Lionel Ho, and Maria G. Antoniou 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 100 4.3 Nanofiltration 101 4.4 Nanofiltration for the Combined Removal of Various Cyanobacterial Metabolites 102 4.4.1 Membrane Fouling 103 4.4.2 Removal of MIB and GSM 105 4.4.3 Cylindrospermopsin Removal 106 4.4.4 Microcystin Removal 107 4.5 Reverse Osmosis 108 4.6 Integrated Studies: Ultrafiltration Combined with PAC and Coagulants 108 4.6.1 Ultrafiltration – Integrated Membrane System Test 108 4.6.2 Effect of Cyanobacterial Species and Coagulant Type on Membrane Flux 109 4.6.3 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Metabolites with Membranes and Coagulants 109 4.6.4 Summary of Results 112 Acknowledgement 114 References 114 5 Biological Treatment for the Destruction of Cyanotoxins 117; Dariusz Dziga, Sonja Nybom, Ilona Gagala, and Marcin Wasylewski 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Overview of Microbial Degradation 118 5.2.1 Microorganisms Capable of MC-degradation 118 5.2.2 Microbial Degradation of Other Cyanotoxins 122 5.2.3 Degradation Efficiency and Factors Affecting Degradation 123 5.3 The Mechanisms of Biodegradation 124 5.3.1 Biochemistry of Degradation 124 5.3.2 Enzymes Involved in Biodegradation 125 5.3.3 Alternative Mechanisms of Biodegradation 126 5.3.4 Methodology of Analysis of Degradation Pathways 128 5.4 Biological Methods of Cyanotoxin Elimination 129 5.4.1 Most Common Proposals of Microbial Removal of Cyanotoxins 129 5.4.2 Microbial Strains 132 5.4.3 The Efficiency of Described Methods and Future Challenges 132 5.5 Guide to Evaluating Biodegradation 133 5.5.1 Environmental Samples 137 5.5.2 Bacterial Strains 138 5.5.3 Indication of Biodegradation Activity 139 5.5.4 Enzymatic and Genetic Aspects of Biodegradation 140 5.6 Microbial Water Treatment – Application and Case Studies 142 5.6.1 Real-life Application of MC-degrading Bacteria 142 5.6.2 Potential of Existing Water Treatment Infrastructure for MC-removal 144 5.7 Conclusions 145 Acknowledgements 145 References 146 6 Conventional Disinfection and/or Oxidation Processes for the Destruction of Cyanotoxins/Cyanobacteria 155; Sylvain Merel, Shuwen Yan, and Weihua Song 6.1 Reaction of Chlorine and its Derivatives with Cyanotoxins 155 6.1.1 Microcystins and Nodularins 156 6.1.2 Cylindrospermopsin 159 6.1.3 Anatoxin-a 160 6.1.4 Saxitoxins 160 6.1.5 Other Cyanotoxins 161 6.1.6 Summary 162 6.2 Reaction of Ozone with Cyanotoxins 162 6.2.1 Microcystins 162 6.2.2 Nodularins 163 6.2.3 Cylindrospermopsin 163 6.2.4 Anatoxin-a 165 6.2.5 Saxitoxins 165 6.2.6 Summary 165 6.3 Reaction of Permanganate (KMnO4 ) with Cyanotoxins 166 6.3.1 Microcystins 166 6.3.2 Cylindrospermopsin 167 6.3.3 Anatoxin-a 167 6.3.4 Saxitoxins 167 6.3.5 Summary 167 References 167 7 Advanced Oxidation Processes 173; Geshan Zhang, Xuexiang He, Xiaodi Duan, Ying Huang, Changseok Han, Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda, Kevin O’Shea, Duk Kyung Kim, Virender K. Sharma, Natalie Johnson, Bangxing Ren, Vasileia Vogiazi, Theodora Fotiou, Christophoros Christophoridis, Anastasia E. Hiskia, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 UV 174 7.3 UV/H2 O2 175 7.4 O3 /H2
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Publication Date: 2020
• Copyright Date: 2020
• Extent: 1 online resource
• Subjects: 628.1/62; Water -- Purification; Cyanobacteria; Cyanobacterial toxins; Cyanobacteria; Cyanobacterial toxins; Water -- Purification; Electronic books
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118928677; 1118928679; 9781118928660; 1118928660; 9781118928653; 1118928652
• Related ISBNs: 9781118928615
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.; Note: Description based on online resource; title from digital title page (viewed on October 09, 2020).
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.