Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. (2020)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Julian P.T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew J. Page, Vivian A. Welch.
• Editors: Higgins, Julian P. T; Thomas, James; Chandler, Jackie; Cumpston, Miranda; Li, Tianjing; Page, Matthew J; Welch, Vivian A
• Other Names: Cochrane Collaboration, issuing body.
• Contents: Contributors xiii Preface xxiii Part One Core methods 1 1 Starting a review 3 1.1 Why do a systematic review? 3 1.2 What is the review question? 4 1.3 Who should do a systematic review? 5 1.4 The importance of reliability 7 1.5 Protocol development 8 1.6 Data management and quality assurance 11 1.7 Chapter information 12 1.8 References 12 2 Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address 13 2.1 Rationale for well-formulated questions 13 2.2 Aims of reviews of interventions 15 2.3 Defining the scope of a review question 16 2.4 Ensuring the review addresses the right questions 21 2.5 Methods and tools for structuring the review 24 2.6 Chapter information 29 2.7 References 29 3 Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Articulating the review and comparison PICO 35 3.3 Determining which study designs to include 51 3.4 Eligibility based on publication status and language 60 3.5 Chapter information 61 3.6 References 61 4 Searching for and selecting studies 67 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 General issues 68 4.3 Sources to search 70 4.4 Designing search strategies 79 4.5 Documenting and reporting the search process 90 4.6 Selecting studies 92 4.7 Chapter information 99 4.8 References 99 5 Collecting data 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Sources of data 110 5.3 What data to collect 114 5.4 Data collection tools 125 5.5 Extracting data from reports 130 5.6 Extracting study results and converting to the desired format 136 5.7 Managing and sharing data 136 5.8 Chapter information 137 5.9 References 137 6 Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect 143 6.1 Types of data and effect measures 143 6.2 Study designs and identifying the unit of analysis 145 6.3 Extracting estimates of effect directly 148 6.4 Dichotomous outcome data 150 6.5 Continuous outcome data 156 6.6 Ordinal outcome data and measurement scales 168 6.7 Count and rate data 170 6.8 Time-to-event data 172 6.9 Conditional outcomes only available for subsets of participants 173 6.10 Chapter information 174 6.11 References 174 7 Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Empirical evidence of bias 180 7.3 General procedures for risk-of-bias assessment 185 7.4 Presentation of assessment of risk of bias 188 7.5 Summary assessments of risk of bias 188 7.6 Incorporating assessment of risk of bias into analyses 190 7.7 Considering risk of bias due to missing results 192 7.8 Considering source of funding and conflict of interest of authors of included studies 193 7.9 Chapter information 199 7.10 References 199 8 Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial 205 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Overview of RoB 2 206 8.3 Bias arising from the randomization process 212 8.4 Bias due to deviations from intended interventions 214 8.5 Bias due to missing outcome data 217 8.6 Bias in measurement of the outcome 220 8.7 Bias in selection of the reported result 221 8.8 Differences from the previous version of the tool 225 8.9 Chapter information 226 8.10 References 227 9 Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis 229 9.1 Introduction 229 9.2 A general framework for synthesis 230 9.3 Preliminary steps of a synthesis 231 9.4 Checking data before synthesis 238 9.5 Types of synthesis 238 9.6 Chapter information 240 9.7 References 240 10 Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses 241 10.1 Do not start here! 242 10.2 Introduction to meta-analysis 242 10.3 A generic inverse-variance approach to meta-analysis 245 10.4 Meta-analysis of dichotomous outcomes 246 10.5 Meta-analysis of continuous outcomes 251 10.6 Combining dichotomous and continuous outcomes 254 10.7 Meta-analysis of ordinal outcomes and measurement scales 255 10.8 Meta-analysis of counts and rates 255 10.9 Meta-analysis of time-to-event outcomes 256 10.10 Heterogeneity 257 10.11 Investigating heterogeneity 265 10.12 Missing data 272 10.13 Bayesian approaches to meta-analysis 276 10.14 Sensitivity analyses 277 10.15 Chapter information 279 10.16 References 280 11 Undertaking network meta-analyses 285 11.1 What is network meta-analysis? 285 11.2 Important concepts 287 11.3 Planning a Cochrane Review to compare multiple interventions 293 11.4 Synthesis of results 297 11.5 Evaluating confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis 304 11.6 Presenting network meta-analyses 309 11.7 Concluding remarks 315 11.8 Chapter information 316 11.9 References 316 12 Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods 321 12.1 Why a meta-analysis of effect estimates may not be possible 321 12.2 Statistical synthesis when meta-analysis of effect estimates is not possible 324 12.3 Visual display and presentation of the data 330 12.4 Worked example 333 12.5 Chapter information 345 12.6 References 346 13 Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis 349 13.1 Introduction 350 13.2 Minimizing risk of bias due to missing results 351 13.3 A framework for assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis 354 13.4 Summary 369 13.5 Chapter information 370 13.6 References 370 14 Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence 375 14.1 ‘Summary of findings’ tables 375 14.2 Assessing the certainty or quality of a body of evidence 389 14.3 Describing the assessment of the certainty of a body of evidence using the GRADE framework 398 14.4 Chapter information 399 14.5 References 399 15 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions 403 15.1 Introduction 403 15.2 Issues of indirectness and applicability 405 15.3 Interpreting results of statistical analyses 408 15.4 Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat) 411 15.5 Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences) 416 15.6 Drawing conclusions 422 15.7 Chapter information 427 15.8 References 428 Part Two Specific perspectives in reviews 433 16 Equity and specific populations 435 16.1 Introduction to equity in systematic reviews 435 16.2 Formulation of the review 437 16.3 Identification of evidence 441 16.4 Appraisal of evidence 443 16.5 Synthesis of evidence 443 16.6 Interpretation of evidence 444 16.7 Concluding remarks 445 16.8 Chapter information 445 16.9 References 445 17 Intervention complexity 451 17.1 Introduction 451 17.2 Formulation of the review 461 17.3 Identification of evidence 468 17.4 Appraisal of evidence 469 17.5 Synthesis of evidence 469 17.6 Interpretation of evidence 472 17.7 Chapter info
• Edition: Second edition
• Publisher Details: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
• Publication Date: 2020
• Extent: 1 online resource (xxviii, 694 pages), illustrations
• Subjects: 362.1; Outcome assessment (Medical care); Evidence-based medicine -- Methods; Meta-analysis; Systematic reviews (Medical research); Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; Evidence-Based Medicine -- methods; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Systematic Reviews as Topic
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781119536604; 9781119536611; 1119536618; 9781119536659; 1119536650; 9781119536628; 1119536626
• Related ISBNs: 111953660X
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.